<p>The Printzhof, located in Governor Printz Park in Essington, Pennsylvania, was the home of Johan Björnsson Printz, governor of New Sweden.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1643, Johan Printz moved his capital from Fort Christina (located in what is now Wilmington, Delaware) to Tinicum Island. At that time Fort Gothenburg was established in addition to Printz&#39;s dwelling and headquarters. Two years later a fire swept over the newly established settlement. The Printzhof was reconstructed more solidly and lavishly. The two-story log structure contained lumber sent from Sweden, glass windows and lavish draperies.</p><br>
<p>Johan Björnsson Printz, his wife and younger children returned to Sweden during 1653. The Dutch West India Company subsequently captured the Swedish colony in 1655. Armegott Printz, the eldest daughter of Governor Printz, had married his successor, Lt. Johan Papegoja. She remained at The Printzhof even after the Dutch conquest. During 1662, she sold the estate for a partial down payment with the remainder due when she reached The Netherlands. When payment was refused, she returned to reclaim possession of her property. Ten years later in 1672, the Governor and Council ruled Armegott Printz should be in possession of the property. She subsequently sold the estate a second time and returned to Sweden where she died on November 25, 1695, at Läckö Castle.</p><br>
<p>Today, the Printzhof&#39;s stone foundations are the only remains of the settlement. The Printzhof site is located near the intersection of Taylor Avenue and Second Street in Essington, Pennsylvania. The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961.</p><br>
<p>The farmstead from the former New Sweden Farmstead Museum in Bridgeton, New Jersey, was moved to the site of The Printzhof in Governor Printz Park and reconstructed from 2019 to 2020, and officially dedicated on June 12, 2022.</p><br>
<p>Pulpit Rocks is a geological formation adjacent to Pike Road, or Alexandria Pike Road, Old USA Route 22, northwest of Huntingdon in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania. These weathered rock formations were instrumental in the determination of the stratigraphy of the Appalachian Mountains in the mid-19th century by the Pennsylvania Geological Survey. This work was influential in opening up new fields of geological research.</p><br>
<p>The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1993. It is partially owned by Juniata College, whose geology department uses the site for educational purposes. A plaque marks its location.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Pulpit Rocks are located along Warrior Ridge, a formation located between Huntingdon and Alexandria in the Appalachian Mountains in centrak Pennsylvania. They are located on the north side of Pike Road, an old alignment of US 22, which now runs further south. The rock formations are essentially weathered pillars, about 50 ft in height, that are isolated from one another by about 10 ft, spaces wide enough for a human to pass through. At the time research on this formation was first published in 1858, the accompanying watercolor painting (pictured here) was described as an accurate rendition of their state. The rocks are formed out of what is called Oriskany sandstone, and rest upon layers of limestone. The stone was laid down about 390 million years ago, when the area was covered by an inland sea, and have been eroding slowly ever since.</p><br>
<p>Pennsylvanias Geological Survey was established in 1836, with its survey work conducted between 1836 and 1842. The Huntingdon area was one of the first to be surveyed, and John Frazer, one of the geologists on the survey team, realized that the geology of this area strongly suggested that conventional wisdom about its structure was incorrect. The prevailing belief at the time was that there were single layers of sandstone and conglomerate underlying the ridges. In this area, in particular around the Pulpit Rocks, it was clear that there were in fact multiple layers of sandstone, separated from one another by thick layers of other types of rock. This realization immediately illuminated findings of surveys in neighboring New York and Virginia as to the structure of the mountain formations in those states. The Pennsylvania Geological Surveys first major report, published in 1858, featured the watercolor pictured here, highlighting the formation&#39;s importance in furthering the understanding of Appalachian (and more broadly all mountain) geology.</p><br>
<p>Woodville, also known as the Neville House or John Neville House, is a house which is located on Washington Pike  south of Heidelberg, Pennsylvania. It is significant for its association with John Neville, a tax collector whose other house was burned in the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794. The oldest portion of the house dates to 1775, with a main section built a decade later.</p><br>
<p>It is one of the oldest houses in Allegheny County, preserved and restored to its original condition.</p><br>
<p>For those reasons, it was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1983. After being significantly renovated by an early 19th-century resident, it remained a private house until 1975. Today it is a historic house museum.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The house is located on a one-acre (4,000 m) lot on the west side of the highway. There is a small gravel parking lot on the south side, with a hedge to buffer it from some modern commercial buildings. The west and north sides border on woodlands.</p><br>
<p>Woodville is a one-and-a-half-story frame house with moderately pitched gable roof pierced by four dormer windows and two brick chimneys at either end. A full veranda stretches across the east (front) elevation, and a one-story kitchen wing projects from the south, with a small garden next to it.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the house follows a center-hall plan. The stairway rises from the hall to the upstairs bedrooms. A large living room occupies the north side of the first story; a dining room and another smaller room are on the north. The kitchen is located in the wing; slaves slept in the garret above it. All the interior rooms have been restored to their original furnishing.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Neville came to the region in 1774 from Winchester, Virginia, shortly after buying 14,000 acre five miles (8 km) south of Fort Pitt, located at the forks of the Ohio in what is today downtown Pittsburgh. He took command of the fort on behalf of the Colony of Virginia the next year, and served in that capacity until Edward Hand relieved him in 1777.</p><br>
<p>In 1783, Neville retired shortly after reaching the rank of brigadier general. Three years later, the name "Woodville" was used on the land patent, and was mentioned in a report in the Pittsburgh Gazette when his sister-in-law was married at the house. He built another home, Bower Hill, and let his son Presley live in Woodville. During the 1780s he continued his public career, serving in several posts, including as representative to the Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention in 1787.</p><br>
<p>He was named federal revenue inspector for a district comprising Allegheny, Bedford, Washington and Westmoreland counties. This put him in the position of collecting the excise tax on whiskey imposed at Alexander Hamiltons suggestion to pay off the states war debts. Since it favored large producers over small farmers, it was unpopular with many of the farmers of Western Pennsylvania, who often had no other way of getting their grain to market. In the early 1790s this led to the Whiskey Rebellion. Farmers marched on Woodville in 1794. Neville and his servants fought them off, but were unable to protect Bower Hill from being burned down despite reinforcements by soldiers from Fort Fayette. George Washington eventually sent in the Army to put the rebellion down, an occurrence seen as the first test of federal authority under the newly adopted Constitution.</p><br>
<p>Four years later, an assessment for the Direct Tax of 1798 shows the house at its present dimensions. Thomas Jones, probably an overseer or caretaker, is listed as the resident. In 1814, it was sold to Stephen Barlow, a director of the Bank of the United States, for $12,000 ($ in contemporary dollars). He, in turn, sold it two years later to Christopher Cowan at a $2,000 profit.</p><br>
<p>Over the next decade, Cowan significantly renovated the house. He added a shed to the north wall and extended the south wall seven feet (2.3 m) to connect the house and the kitchen. Some effects of this can still be seen in the house today. On the outside, it was painted white and the porch added to the east side. A storehouse was also built.</p><br>
<p>His daughter inherited the house when he died in 1835. Members of the Cowan family continued to live there for almost a century and a half. They made some changes to the exterior, such as repainting it brown and then yellow, and adding some Victorian Gothic touches like the porch latticework and the lancet windows on some of the dormers. A married couple that lived in the house during the mid-20th century had modern heating and plumbing installed.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, shortly after it was first listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the last Cowan descendants moved out. The house had already become the property of the Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation, which began operating it as a historic house museum. It became a National Historic Landmark in 1983.</p><br>
<p>In the early 21st century, it was transferred to another not-for-profit, Neville House Associates, a smaller organization which is focused only on Woodville. NHA oversaw restorations that included painting the house white again and bringing in an early 19th-century pianoforte similar to the one Cowan had bought.</p><br>
<p>It is a stop on the American Whiskey Trail.</p><br>
<p>The First Presbyterian Church was built in 1907 and is located just one block west of the current downtown business district in Coweta, Oklahoma. The building was added to the NRHP in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The First Presbyterian Church was built in 1907 in a late Gothic Revival style.</p><br>
<p>The chandelier in the center of the room was reportedly brought by boat down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers and up the Arkansas River in the spring of 1907. Supposedly, the whole town turned out to meet the boat when it arrived at Coweta landing. The chandelier has since been wired, and rewired, for electricity.</p><br>
<h2>Citations</h2><br>
<p>The Bethlehem Waterworks, also known as the Old Waterworks or 1762 Waterworks, is believed to be the oldest pump-powered public water supply in what is now the United States. The pumphouse, which includes original and replica equipment, is located in the Colonial Industrial Quarter of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, between Monocacy Creek and Main Street. It was declared a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1971, an American Water Landmark in 1971, and a National Historic Landmark in 1981.</p><br>
<p>The building is a contributing property to the Historic Moravian Bethlehem District, which was designated as a National Historic Landmark District in 2012 and later named to the USA Tentative List in 2016 for nomination to the World Heritage List.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The first waterworks in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania was designed and built by millwright Hans Chistoph Christensen from Denmark in 1755 to more efficiently bring water from the spring at the bottom of the hill to the top of the hill where most of the living quarters could be found. This spring provided a flow of 800 gallons per minute, enough to provide water for drinking, cooking, and bathing, as well as water in case of fire.</p><br>
<p>The first building was a wooden structure designed by Hans and described by Robert Rau as "the machinery was placed in a frame building, 19 by 22, a few yards east of the oil and bark mill, whither the spring water was led by a conduit into a cistern. The pump was made of lignum vitae (a hard and heavy tropical wood), the cylinder being five inches in diameter. The water was forced through wooden pipes up the hill into a wooden reservoir or distributing tank built within the little square, the site now occupied by the Moravian Church. The pipes were bored hemlock logs which had been floated down the Lehigh River from Gnadenhuetten on the Mahoning." Growing demand for water and a more efficient system required enlargement of the plant, as well as more powerful machinery. Hans later built the limestone Waterworks in 1762 to meet these needs and received thirty shillings in payment for his work.</p><br>
<p>The limestone Waterworks building is located in the floodplain of Monocacy Creek in the Colonial Industrial Quarter, an important part of the historic district of Bethlehem. It is a 2-1/2 story building, built out of limestone rubble, that is about 24 ft square and covered by a red tile roof. It is set over an otherwise open holding pit, which was originally fed by a wood-lined trench from a nearby spring. There are doors on three sides, one of which is at a higher elevation owing to the sloping terrain; it provides access to a storage area on the upper level, while the other two provide access to the mechanisms on the inside. The machinery includes a replica waterwheel, reproduced from the original master craftsman&#39;s drawings which were preserved.</p><br>
<p>In colonial Bethlehem, water power replaced human and horse power. The wheel was originally turned by water supplied from the creek and provided the power needed to move water up to the settlement above. The power generated by one water wheel was the equivalent of 100 men and an undershot waterwheel powered three cast-iron pumps, forcing the water through pipes (originally wooden, later lead) into a collecting tower located nearly 94 feet uphill where Central Moravian Church stands today. From the tower, gravity carried the water into five separate cisterns on the hillside to be used by the various Choir houses. Hans&#39; system was imperfect, with overpressure bursting wooden pipes and other problems.</p><br>
<p>Conflict later arose when the city’s growth continued but the power supplied by Monocacy Creek could not match. Both the Waterworks and the Oil Mill used the same tail race to supply the power for their needs and by the early 1800s the Oil Mill had to halt productivity for two days out of the week so the Waterworks could fill the town’s reservoirs. The Waterworks operations were later relocated to the Oil Mill building in 1832 due to an increase on water demands from the town that the 1762 Waterworks could not meet. The Oil Mill operated as the new Waterworks for 81 years, serving the continually growing community well into the early twentieth century. Water quality from the spring soon became a major issue with epidemics of typhoid and dysentery being traced to the water supply and, under order of the Pennsylvania Commissioner of Health, the waterworks operations were shut down permanently in January 1913.</p><br>
<p>The system is believed to be the first pump-powered water supply to be implemented in what is now the United States. Boston had a municipal water supply as early as 1652, but it was only powered by gravity. This European style of technology for municipal water distribution was not matched in America until the Philadelphia water system was completed in 1801.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological studies were conducted at the waterworks site in 1964 and 1972. In 1972 the building, the waterwheel, and the pumping mechanism were restored using the original 18th century master craftsmen’s drawing in the collection of the Moravian Archives. In 2004 the waterwheel sustained damage from Hurricane Ivan, and through a Save America&#39;s Treasures Grant was restored in 2009 using those same drawings. Sections of the original wooden pipes used by the Waterworks are on display at the Moravian Museum of Bethlehem.</p><br>
<p>The 1762 Waterworks is owned by the city of Bethlehem with a long-term lease to Historic Bethlehem Inc., a member institution of Historic Bethlehem Museums & Sites, a 501(c)3 non-profit organization. The history of the 1762 Waterworks is interpreted today on guided tours. The building is presently closed to the public.</p><br>
<p>The General Friedrich Von Steuben Headquarters is a historic house on Pennsylvania Route 23 in Valley Forge National Historical Park in Chester County, Pennsylvania. Built about 1770, it has been advanced as a possible residence of Baron Friedrich von Steuben , the Prussian drill-master of Continental Army troops during the 1777-78 Valley Forge encampment. The house, which is a partial reconstruction, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Von Steuben Headquarters House is located near the western edge of Valley Forge National Historical Park, on the north side of Pennsylvania Route 23, just east of the Valley Forge Post Office. A large parking area within the park boundary separates the two buildings. The house is a -story stone structure, with a gabled roof and three chimneys. The main facade is four bays wide, with the main entrance in the center-right bay. A pent roof separates the first and second floors of the main facade. The interior of the house is a reconstruction of a period 18th-century interior.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1770 for James White. Between February and June 1778 Baron Friedrich von Steuben, a Prussian military officer who offered his services to the American cause, was resident at Valley Forge, and may have lived in this building during at least part of that time. Von Steuben was responsible not only for drilling the troops encamped at Valley Forge, but also developed a manual of military practices that the United States Army used until 1814.</p><br>
<p>The house declined over the next 150 years, and was made part of Valley Forge State Park. The state restored the building in 1965 after its interior was gutted by fire, and served as a visitors center. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1972 for its claimed association with von Steuben. The park was given to the people of the United States by the state of Pennsylvania in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The buildings exact use is a matter of some dispute among a variety of authorities, including the National Park Service. Its association with von Steuben was disputed during the 1950s and 1960s, and the restoration of its interior conducted by the state in 1966 was later questioned by the Park Service. Documentary evidence suggests the building was used as a camp hospital for at least part of the encampment period. The building now stands vacant, and serves as part of the parks historic landscape.</p><br>
<p>The Old Library is a college library at Bryn Mawr College in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. Previously named the M. Carey Thomas Library after Bryn Mawrs first dean and second president, it was formally renamed in 2018 as a result of controversy surrounding Thomass history of racism and anti-Semitism. The building was in use as a library until 1970, when the Mariam Coffin Canaday Library opened. Today, it is primarily a space for performances, readings, lectures, and public gatherings.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>The Great Hall, the reading room of the old library, was designed by Walter Cope (of Cope and Stewardson) in 1901 and built by Stewardson and Jamieson in 1907. M. Carey Thomas played a large part in its planning, particularly by taking photographs and doing architectural research on the librarys University of Oxford inspirations, and by helping the librarys construction survive many hardships, such as Copes death and financial troubles. Built with ashlar gray stone and lined with coffered oak paneling, the Great Hall was inspired by the dining hall at Wadham College, Oxford and features a king post truss ceiling painted by Lockwood de Forest with geometric renaissance patterns that continue down the wall, ending with tulip-bordered corbels situated between large, arch-shaped lead-paned windows, which flood the space with light. The tracery of the windows is also modeled after Wadham Colleges dining hall, albeit without Wadham&#39;s stained glass. This area was renovated and conserved by Voith & Mactavish Architects LLP. Carey Thomas asked Cope specifically not to "copy the interior plan at any other college, as it was a plan worked out by us at Bryn Mawr for us own individual needs and so far as he and I knew absolutely unique."</p><br>
<p>The Great Hall was once the home of an Athena Lemnia statue (damaged in 1997) that is now located in a high alcove in the Rhys Carpenter Art and Archaeology Library. A plaster cast of that Athena now stands in her place at the Great Hall.</p><br>
<p>The library encloses a large open courtyard called "The Cloisters", which is the site of the Colleges traditional Lantern Night ceremony. The cremated remains of M. Carey Thomas and Emmy Noether are in the courtyard cloister. According to her 1985 graduation address, alumna Katharine Hepburn used to go skinny dipping in the Cloisters fountain. A popular tradition is for undergraduates to skinny dip before graduating, and conveniently the fountain contains chlorinated water.</p><br>
<p>The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1991.</p><br>
<p>In 2017, the College established a working group to address M. Carey Thomas&#39;s legacy of racism and anti-Semitism and began phasing out the use of her name. The following year, the Board of Trustees formalized the decision to use the names “The Old Library” and “The Great Hall” in connection with the building. A set of signs contextualizing Thomas and the renaming of the building were installed by the Bryn Mawr Histories Group in 2019.</p><br>
<p>Hilda M. Willing is a relatively small Chesapeake Bay skipjack, built in 1905 at Oriole, Maryland, and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1994.</p><br>
<p>The Willing is particularly noteworthy as an example of a small skipjack with good sailing qualities.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Hilda M. Willing was built in 1905 at Oriole, Maryland on the Manokin River off Tangier Sound, in Somerset County, Maryland. Her home port was Crisfield, Maryland. In 1926 her owner was Samuel L. Laird of Oriole. Laird sold her to Thornton Webster of Wenona in 1927, who sold her on to Roland Bozman of Wenona in 1929. Bozman sold the Willing to R.E. Hoffman, and she was resold to Addie M. Jones by 1941. She was owned by T. Rayner Graham in 1943, who abandoned her in Annapolis. She was purchased for $400 by Leslie Pope of Oxford, Maryland who moved her to Cambridge, Maryland, then sold her to Robert F. "Pete" Sweitzer in 1947 for $1600. Sweitzer owned the Willing into the 1990s and did much of the repair and maintenance work on her himself.</p><br>
<p>Sweitzer altered the Willing to suit technological advances. He was the first to use an automobile engine instead of the then-common one-cylinder Hettinger engines to operate the dredge gear. The installation of this engine meant that the skipjack&#39;s freeboard could be raised 8 in for better stability, as the power assist made the low freeboard of pre-1930 skipjacks less necessary. Sweitzer lengthened the boom, deepened the centerboard and added a small skeg to the keel. He also took the traditional extreme rake out of the mast, making it vertical.</p><br>
<p>In November 2011, Hilda M. Willing was brought home to the Eastern Shore of Maryland and dredged until 2014 by Capt. David Whitelock.</p><br>
<p>Wade H. Murphy III bought her in late summer 2014 and is currently dredging out of Tilghman Island MD.</p><br>
<p>Willing&#39;s sailing qualities are among the best in the skipjack fleet. It is stated that she is the only skipjack that can come about without the use of the centerboard, and that she can dredge in strong winds without a jib.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Willing is 40 ft long, 14 ft wide and draws 3.08 ft. She has a traditional clipper bow-shaped cutwater in a sharp, but convex bow, and a square transom. She carries a pushblock for a pushboat to allow her to dredge in light airs. The king plank runs from the bow past the mast, but stops short of the main hatch. Following a second, smaller hatch, a small doghouse is set on the deck to provide low headroom in what would otherwise be a very low cabin, 2.5 ft high. A box at the stern contains the hydraulic steering gear installed by Sweitzer to replace the original patent gear. Davits for the pushboat hang over the transom.</p><br>
<p>The Willing is rigged with a jib-headed mainsail, or leg-of-mutton, with a single large jib. She carries dredges on each side with a shared motor.</p><br>
<p>St. Thomas Episcopal Church is an historic Episcopal church located at 5 Hale Street in Dover, New Hampshire, in the United States. Founded in 1839, its building, designed by English architect Henry Vaughan, is an important example of his work, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St. Thomas Episcopal Church was organized on September 22, 1839, and in 1840 built a Carpenter Gothic church on the corner of Central Avenue and St. Thomas Street next to the William Hale House. In the late 1880s, the city of Dover took the land of both the church and the Hale House by eminent domain to build a new City Hall. The church was demolished in 1891 and the Hale House was moved to the other side of Hale Street.</p><br>
<p>The church bought a lot next to the relocated Hale House and, in 1890, hired architect Henry Vaughan to design a new church in the Gothic Revival, or English Perpendicular, style. Construction began in 1891 and the first service was held the next year. The church was not consecrated though until September 17, 1916. In 1901, the church bought the William Hale House, which was also later listed on the National Register of Historic Places. On June 7, 1984, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>St. Thomas Episcopal Church is still an active parish in the Seacoast Deanery of the Episcopal Diocese of New Hampshire. The Rev. Suzanne Poulin was called to be the rector on January 25, 2018 and accepted the call.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>St. Thomas is located in downtown Dover, on the south side of Hale Street, across from Dover City Hall. It is basically rectangular in footprint, with a square tower rising at the northwest corner, and slightly projecting transepts. The tower has an outside circular turret which houses its spiral staircase. The tower has angled buttresses at the corners, and the main church body&#39;s side windows are also articulated by buttressing. It is covered by a gabled roof supported by heavy wooden trusses in a kingpost form. The interior retains original woodwork and plaster; its gas chandeliers have been replaced by electric lighting. At the back (south side), it is joined by a modern parish hall to the William Hale House, which stands just to its east.</p><br>
<p>The William Aiken House and Associated Railroad Structures make up a National Historic Landmark District in Charleston, South Carolina, that contains structures of South Carolina Canal and Railroad Company and the home of the company&#39;s founder, William Aiken. These structures make up one of the largest collection of surviving pre-Civil War railroad depot facilities in the United States. The district was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1963.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The historic district has three distinct sections. The main section is bounded by Mary, King, Meeting, and John Streets, north of Charlestons historic downtown area, and includes the Aiken House, surviving elements of the main railroad depot, and associated warehouses. A second, smaller area is located on the north side of Line Street, between King and Meeting Streets, where the companys railroad car repair and refurbishing facility was located. These two areas are joined by the former railroad right-of-way, which is still readily discernible in most of the blocks between them.</p><br>
<p>The Aiken House is located at the corner of King and Ann Streets on the west side of the main section. It is an 1807 Federal Adamesque wood-frame house, two stories high, with a two-story porch extending across its southern facade. It is where the South Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company was founded in 1827, with William Aiken, an Irish immigrant, as its first president. Construction of the railroad line took place between 1830 and 1833, marred by the death of Aiken when horses drawing his carriage were frightened by construction-related noises, overturning it, and also by the explosion of the Best Friend of Charleston, the first American-made steam locomotive. When it began operation, it had the greatest length of track (136 mi) in the world under single management.</p><br>
<p>There are two principal depot buildings in the district. The "Camden Depot" stands on John Street, and the "Tower Depot", now little more than a pair of crenellated towers, stands on Mary Street. These two buildings were completed in 1850, and in the area between, two warehouses were built in the following decade. The depots and one of the warehouses are architecturally distinguished by their Gothic Revival features, which are not frequently found on railroad infrastructure. The Tower Depot, which was the railroad&#39;s original passenger depot, was only used until 1853, when a through depot was built near Line Street. In 1857, the large brick Italianate car shop was built adjacent to the main railroad line just north of Line Street.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing buildings</h2><br>
<p>William Aiken House, built in 1807. An octagonal wing added in 1831 but damaged in 1886 earthquake, and certain woodwork was removed in 1931. A servants wing is unchanged.</p><br>
<p>A coach house at the back of gardens on the William Aiken House property</p><br>
<p>Camden Depot, a railroad depot</p><br>
<p>Deans Warehouse, built in 1856</p><br>
<p>South Carolina Railroad Warehouse</p><br>
<p>Tower Passenger Depot</p><br>
<p>Line Street Car and Carpenter Shops</p><br>
<p>Railroad Right-of-Way</p><br>
<p>"Best Friend of Charleston" Replica, a replica of the first American-made steam locomotive</p><br>
<p>Non-contributing structures in the district include:</p><br>
<p>Hughes Lumber Company Warehouse and Martshink Beer Warehouse</p><br>
<p>Shed housing the "Best Friend of Charleston" replica locomotive</p><br>
<p>Buildings along John Street, King Street and Meeting Street:</p><br>
<p>Chicco Apartment Buildings A and B</p><br>
<p>39-4, 39-B, 39-C John Street</p><br>
<p>41-B, 43, 51 John Street</p><br>
<p>numerous buildings in 424-492 King Street</p><br>
<p>Brick building at Meeting Street and Ann Street</p><br>
<p>Lilienthal&#39;s Stained Glass</p><br>
<p>365-371 Meeting Street</p><br>
<p>All Saints Church is an historic Episcopal church located at 51 Concord Street in Peterborough, New Hampshire, in the United States. Completed in 1914, it is a completely realized example of an English country church as interpreted by the architect Ralph Adams Cram. On December 1, 1980, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>All Saints Church is located north of Peterboroughs commercial downtown, on the east side of Concord Street (United States Route 202). It is a modest single-story structure, built out of locally quarried granite. It is basically cruciform in plan, its symmetry affected only by a small chapel extending from its southern transept. Its exterior is finished in rough ashlar stone. The main facade has a center entry set in a Gothic archway, with buttresses at the building corners. Set in the gable above the entrance is a round wagon-wheel stained glass window. A square tower rises above the crossing point of the nave and transepts, with peaked louvered belfry openings on either side of the naves steeply pitched gable roof.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>All Saints Church was organized as a mission in 1904 and became a parish in 1914. In 1912, architect Ralph Adams Cram began design work for a church building in the Colonial Revival and Gothic Revival styles. One of his models was St. Mary the Virgin Church in Iffley, Oxfordshire, England. Since Crams commission was from an individual donor, Mary Lyon Cheney Schofield, rather than from a church body, he was not required to make the artistic compromises that might otherwise have been required. The church has been called "one of the most satisfying works of one of Americas more important architects."</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>All Saints&#39; Church is an active parish in the Monadnock Deanery of the Episcopal Diocese of New Hampshire. The Rev. Dr. Jennifer L. Walters is the current Rector.</p><br>
<p>Boulevard Park is a historic residential neighborhood in Sacramento, California. It is also the Boulevard Park Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>This neighborhood&#39;s official borders are: E Street to the north; J Street to the south; 16th Street to the west; and 24th Street to the east.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The new subdivision of Boulevard Park, the second subdivision after Oak Park but the first within city limits, was originally formed on what was previously the old state fairgrounds and its racetrack. It was in 1905 that the land was sold to developers who converted the fairgrounds and divided the land into three subsections.</p><br>
<p>After World War II, many original homeowners of the subdivision sold their homes and moved into newer suburbs, altering the atmosphere of the neighborhood as some of the new landlords used the homes as boarding houses. Urban renewal in the 1970s reclaimed the Boulevard Park area and homes were restored to their former architectural glory. Many are Historic district contributing properties.</p><br>
<p>Today, the subdivision consists of about 300 buildings and it is the largest neighborhood in Sacramento on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Schools</h2><br>
<p>Elementary: Washington Elementary School, 520 18th Street</p><br>
<h2>Government</h2><br>
<p>Boulevard Park is represented by the following government districts:</p><br>
<p>Sacramento City Council: Sacramento City District 4</p><br>
<p>Sacramento County Board of Supervisors: Sacramento County District 1</p><br>
<p>California State Legislature: 6th Assembly District; 8th Senate District</p><br>
<p>United States House of Representatives:.</p><br>
<p>Iglesia La Luz del Mundo is a historic church located in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. Originally built as the First Church of Christ, Scientist, on July 30, 1976 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>First Church of Christ, Scientist, was organized on July 17, 1891, and was the first Christian Science church in Utah. The church building, designed by local architect, Walter E. Ware, in the Richardsonian Romanesque style, was built in 1898 of brick and Utah Kyune sandstone. After being completely paid for, it was dedicated on November 27, 1898.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>The Christian Science Church left the building in 2002. After being used for a time by Anthony&#39;s Fine Art and Antiques, the building is once again being used as a church. Iglesia La Luz del Mundo has used the building since about 2006.</p><br>
<p>The Corbin Cabin is a log structure built by George T. Corbin in 1909 in the Nicholson Hollow area of what is now Shenandoah National Park. Corbin was forced to vacate the land on which the cabin sits in 1938, when the land was added to Shenandoah National Park. The cabin is unique in that it is one of a small number of buildings located in Nicholson Hollow spared during the creation of the park, and still remains standing despite recent forest fires.</p><br>
<p>The cabin is maintained by the Potomac Appalachian Trail Club and is accessible within the park by means of Nicholson Hollow Trail.</p><br>
<p>As the George T. Corbin Cabin, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Railway Exchange Building in Muskogee, Oklahoma is one of five skyscraper buildings, ranging from five to ten stories tall, built before 1912 and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Pre-Depression Muskogee Skyscrapers Thematic Resources study. The others are:</p><br>
<p>Baltimore Hotel,</p><br>
<p>Manhattan Building,</p><br>
<p>Severs Hotel, and</p><br>
<p>Surety Building.</p><br>
<p>This building is located at the corner of Second and Court Streets in downtown Muskogee.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>This building shares certain characteristics with the others listed above. Its architecture represents the Chicago School of architectural design:</p><br>
<p>It has a rectangular shape</p><br>
<p>It is flat roofed</p><br>
<p>It has a two-story base with large display windows</p><br>
<p>Upper story windows are arranged in vertical bands, separated by pilaster-styled mullions</p><br>
<p>Red brick and masonry appear throughout the building.</p><br>
<h2>Notable tenants</h2><br>
<p>The 8-story Railway Exchange Building was built to house railway company offices. Later, it was used for offices of Muskogee County, Oklahoma. By February 1983, when the application for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) was submitted, it was owned by the State of Oklahoma, which used it as an office building. It also housed Connors State College before the school moved to Northeastern State University’s Muskogee campus on Shawnee Bypass. A news article in 2012 indicated that the building had been vacated in December 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Status</h2><br>
<p>Plans to renovate this historic building for another purpose have been put on indefinite hold in 2016, because the state has discontinued making such grants for such renovations due to its budget shortfall.</p><br>
<p>The Severs Hotel in Muskogee, Oklahoma is one of five high-rises, ranging from five to ten stories tall, built in 1910–1912 and included in the Pre-Depression Muskogee Skyscrapers Thematic Resources study. The others are:</p><br>
<p>Baltimore Hotel,</p><br>
<p>Manhattan Building,</p><br>
<p>Railroad Exchange Building, and</p><br>
<p>Surety Building.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Frederick B. Severs (1835–1912) built the 10-story hotel in downtown Muskogee early in the 20th Century. He was a wealthy Muskogean whose house had previously occupied the land where the hotel that was named for him was built. Construction actually began in 1911. Sadly, Severs did not live to see his hotel completed, since he died April 12, 1912. The grand opening was held on August 31, 1912. In October of that year, the renowned actress Sarah Bernhardt stayed at the Severs while she performed in a play, "Queen Elizabeth." Muskogee&#39;s Rotary Club chapter, chartered in November, 1913, met each Thursday at the Severs. In 1922, an exhibition major league baseball game between the New York Yankees and the Brooklyn Dodgers was played at Athletic Park in Muskogee. The Yankees chose to stay at the Severs Hotel because it was within walking distance of the ball park.</p><br>
<h2>Design and construction</h2><br>
<p>This building was designed and constructed by Mariner & LaBeaume, an architectural firm of St. Louis. The architectural style is Sullivanesque. Its foundation, columns, beams and slabs are of reinforced concrete. The building also has a basement. The exterior walls are covered with three layers of red brick, totaling 12 in thickness. The building has a decorative metal cornice that is 4 feet high and has a 3 foot overhang.</p><br>
<p>After it opened, the Severs Hotel was considered the finest hotel in the Southwestern United States. It had 216 rooms, 146 of which had private bathrooms, rather uncommon at that time. Among its amenities was a chilled water plant that circulated ice water to all of the rooms. The kitchen had an electric refrigeration system, also considered unique at that time and place.</p><br>
<p>The Surety Building in Muskogee, Oklahoma is an eight-story skyscraper built for the Southern Surety Company in 1910.</p><br>
<p>It is one of five skyscraper buildings, ranging from five to ten stories tall, built in 1910–1912 and included in the Pre-Depression Muskogee Skyscrapers Thematic Resources study. The others are:</p><br>
<p>Baltimore Hotel,</p><br>
<p>Manhattan Building,</p><br>
<p>Railroad Exchange Building, and</p><br>
<p>Severs Hotel.</p><br>
<p>It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>General description</h2><br>
<p>The Surety Building was constructed in 1910 in downtown Muskogee, at the corner of Broadway and Third Street by the Southern Surety Company. The approximate cost was $325,000. It was the first building in Eastern Oklahoma to be considered a skyscraper. It was used as offices by government officials, attorneys, petroleum companies, and land developers.</p><br>
<p>Although the architect is not known, the building&#39;s style is classed as Sullivanesque Chicago Style. It is a skeleton-framed rectangular structure with a flat roof. It has the characteristics employed by Louis Sullivan, such as elaborate projecting cornices, ornate two-story base and linteled windows with vertical bands.</p><br>
<h2>Conversion to senior-living apartments</h2><br>
<p>The building was converted into affordable apartments designed for senior living. It contains 18 one-bedroom units and 19 two-bedroom units, which went into service in 2006. Funding for the conversion was provided through the Federal Low Income Housing Tax Credit Program.</p><br>
<p>The Bank of Hominy, at W. Main St. and S. Price Ave. in Hominy, Oklahoma, is a building constructed in 1906, two years after the Oklahoma oil boom of 1904. It is one of four small bank buildings built in Richardsonian Romanesque style in Osage County, Oklahoma during 1904–1911. The others are Bank of Burbank, Bank of Bigheart, and Osage Bank of Fairfax.</p><br>
<p>The building is constructed of native sandstone and has two stories. Its footprint is approximately 25 feet by 40 feet. It has a flat roof and a 2 feet high parapet. A masonry inscription on the facade between the first and second floors reads, "The Bank of Hominy." Except for the installation of two large display windows on the ground floor, architectural changes since construction have been minimal.</p><br>
<p>The Bank of Hominy was the only bank in town until it ceased doing business in 1938, during the Great Depression. The building is historically significant because it is the oldest bank building in Hominy and one of the best examples of its architectural style applied to a commercial structure in Osage County, Oklahoma. When the bank closed, Clyde M. Frazier bought the building and turned the ground floor into an auto parts store, which it remained until at least 1984. Until 1984 the second floor had always been used only as office space for professionals. The structure was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>In 2023, the front of the building was, per Google Streetview and Google satellite view, blocked off and under some renovation, with the appearance that at least window replacements were underway.</p><br>
<p>The Osage Bank of Fairfax was the first bank building built in Osage County. It was built in 1904, at the time of the Oklahoma oil boom. It is one of four small bank buildings built in Richardsonian Romanesque style in Osage County, Oklahoma during 1904–1911. The others are Bank of Hominy, Bank of Burbank, and Bank of Bigheart.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>It is located on the southeast corner of N. Main St. (which is Oklahoma State Highway 18) and E. Elm St. in Fairfax.</p><br>
<p>The Bank of Burbank was a bank in Burbank, Oklahoma, and its historic bank building survives. The building was built in 1910. The bank operated through the Great Depression and continued in business until 1948 when the bank ceased operating. The building was used for 30 years as the Burbank post office, and subsequently was renovated for use as a private residence. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The building is a single-story small commercial building, built of native sandstone and having a coursed ashlar finish. It is about 15x25 ft in plan. It has a flat roof with a parapet of 3 ft surrounding all sides but the rear.</p><br>
<p>It is one of four small bank buildings built in Richardsonian Romanesque style in Osage County, Oklahoma, during 1904–1911. The others are Bank of Hominy, Bank of Bigheart, and Osage Bank of Fairfax.</p><br>
<p>The building stands alone, with no adjoining buildings, on the northwest corner of First St. and McCorkle St. in Burbank.</p><br>
<p>The George J. Renner Jr. House is a historic residence in the prestigious Wick Park neighborhood of Youngstown, Ohio, United States. Once home to the city&#39;s wealthiest brewer, it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>George J. Renner Sr. settled in Ohio upon immigrating to the United States in 1848, and soon he began to run breweries in the cities of Akron, Cincinnati, and Mansfield. His son George J. Renner Jr. founded a separate business in 1880, beginning with a brewery in Wooster and expanding to open another operation in Youngstown in 1884. By the beginning of the twentieth century, it was Youngstown&#39;s largest; the year 1907 saw sixty men on the payroll, and the brewery was capable of producing up to one hundred thousand barrels of beer annually.</p><br>
<p>Renner arranged for the construction of the present house in 1907. Built of brick with a tiled roof, it is typical of the homes of Youngstowns commercial élite at the beginning of the century. A grand two-story portico occupies most of the north-facing facade, contributing strongly to the houses Georgian Revival appearance. Paired columns with Ionic capitals support the porch ceiling and the portion of the third story sitting above it, while the side rises to a pedimented third-story gable with a Palladian window. Small flights of steps provide access to the portico and to a smaller porch on the western side.</p><br>
<p>In 1976, the Renner House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture, as it is one of Youngstowns grandest Georgian Revival structures. It sits across Park Avenue from Wick Park proper, and when the park and surrounding neighborhood were listed on the Register in 1990 as a historic district, the Renner House became one of the districts significant contributing properties.</p><br>
<p>The Twenty-Five-Foot Space Simulator is a chamber for testing spacecraft in space-like conditions, including extreme cold, high radiation, and near-vacuum pressure. Built in 1961, it is located at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. It has been used to prepare many American space probes for their launches, including the Ranger, Surveyor, Mariner, and Voyager spacecraft.</p><br>
<p>The first facility of its type, the chamber served as an example for other countries seeking to establish space programs. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1985 and is on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Twenty-Five-Foot Space Simulator is a stainless-steel cylinder 85 ft in height and 27 ft in diameter. A doorway 15 ft wide and 25 ft high provides access for bringing test objects and equipment into the chamber; a personnel access door is built into the larger doorway. Its walls and floor are lined with cooling shrouds that help provide a controllable temperature range from -320 &deg;F to 200 &deg;F. A series of lamps, lenses, and mirrors can irradiate the chamber with a directed beam of simulated solar energy in a variety of patterns and strengths. The chamber can be depressurized to 5×10 torr. Test objects can be mounted with a number of attachment points and methods. The chamber is mounted on a seismically isolated foundation. The chamber requires about 75 minutes to achieve a space-like environment, and about 2 hours to return to a normal environment.</p><br>
<p>Next to the chamber is a clean room in which equipment can be prepared for testing.</p><br>
<p>Cloister Inn is one of the undergraduate eating clubs at Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey, United States.</p><br>
<p>Founded in 1912, Cloister occupies a neo-Gothic building on Prospect Avenue, between Cap and Gown Club and Charter Club. Cloister closed temporarily in 1972, becoming open to all Princeton alumni, before reopening as an undergraduate club in 1977. The club is "sign-in", meaning that it selects its members from a lottery process rather than the bicker process used by several of the eating clubs. Cloister typically attracts an athletic crowd and its members often include a number of Olympians. The official motto of the club is “Where everybody knows your name”.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Cloister Inn was founded in 1912. The present building was constructed in 1924.</p><br>
<p>It was designed by architects R.H. Scannell and Charles Lewis Bowman</p><br>
<p>Cloister received mention in Ian Caldwell and Dustin Thomason&#39;s 2004 bestselling novel The Rule of Four. Caldwell, a 1998 graduate of Princeton, was a member of Cloister.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<h3>Business</h3><br>
<p>Robert Briskman &#39;54, co-founder of Sirius Satellite Radio and Technical Executive of Sirius XM Radio</p><br>
<p>Tad Smith 87, chief executive of Sothebys</p><br>
<h3>Literature and the arts</h3><br>
<p>Craig Mazin &#39;92, screenwriter and director</p><br>
<p>Ian Caldwell &#39;98, co-author of the bestselling novel The Rule of Four, which was set at Princeton and includes several scenes that take place at Cloister</p><br>
<p>Nicholas Confessore &#39;98, political correspondent for The New York Times</p><br>
<h3>Politics, government, and public affairs</h3><br>
<p>Anne-Marie Slaughter &#39;80, president and CEO of the New America Foundation and former Director of Policy Planning for the USA State Department</p><br>
<p>Eliot Spitzer &#39;81, former New York governor</p><br>
<p>Elena Kagan &#39;81, United States Supreme Court justice</p><br>
<p>Nan Hayworth 81, former USA Representative for New Yorks 19th congressional district</p><br>
<p>Chris Lu &#39;88, United States Deputy Secretary of Labor</p><br>
<p>Nuala OConnor 89, current president of the Center for Democracy and Technology and inaugural Chief Privacy Officer for the US Department of Homeland Security</p><br>
<p>Charles W. Yost &#39;28, USA Ambassador to Laos, Syria, Morocco, and USA Ambassador to the United Nations</p><br>
<h3>Sport</h3><br>
<p>Frank Anger &#39;61, member of the United States team in Fencing at the Summer Olympics in Tokyo in 1962</p><br>
<p>Derek Bouchard-Hall 92, former professional cyclist, competitor in the mens team pursuit in Cycling at the 2000 Summer Olympics, and current CEO and president of USA Cycling</p><br>
<p>Danika Holbrook 95, competitor for the United States in Rowing at the 2004 Summer Olympics - Womens quadruple sculls</p><br>
<p>Morgan Crooks &#39;98, competitor for Canada in Rowing at the 2000 Summer Olympics</p><br>
<p>Chris Ahrens 98, gold medalist in the Mens Eights event in Rowing at the 2004 Summer Olympics</p><br>
<p>Thomas Herschmiller &#39;01, silver medalist for Canada in Rowing at the 2004 Summer Olympics</p><br>
<p>Paul Teti &#39;01, three-time member of the United States Olympic rowing team</p><br>
<p>Lia Pernell &#39;03, competitor for the United States in Rowing at the 2008 Summer Olympics</p><br>
<p>Juan Pablo Valdivieso 04, two-time member of Perus Olympic swimming team</p><br>
<p>Samuel Loch &#39;06, Australian rower who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics and 2012 Summer Olympics</p><br>
<p>Steven Coppola 06, bronze medalist for the United States in Rowing at the 2008 Summer Olympics - Mens eight</p><br>
<p>Caroline Lind 06, two-time Olympic gold medalist for the United States in Womens rowing</p><br>
<p>Genevra Stone 07, six-time winner of the womens championship singles event at Head of the Charles Regatta and competitor for the United States in Rowing at the 2012 Summer Olympics - Women&#39;s single sculls</p><br>
<p>Glenn Ochal 08, bronze medalist for the United States in Rowing at the 2012 Summer Olympics - Mens coxless four</p><br>
<p>Douglas Lennox-Silva &#39;09, swimmer who represented Puerto Rico in the 2008 Summer Olympics</p><br>
<p>Grant Wentworth &#39;09, record holder in open water swimming for the solo swim from Cape Cod to Nantucket</p><br>
<p>Sara Hendershot &#39;10, representative of the United States in Rowing at the 2012 Summer Olympics</p><br>
<p>Robin Prendes 11, representative of the United States in Rowing at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the mens coxless four</p><br>
<p>Bryan Tay 12, Singapores sole representative in men&#39;s Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics</p><br>
<p>Susie Scanlan &#39;14, American epee fencer who won a bronze medal in the 2012 Summer Olympics</p><br>
<p>Nick Mead 17, gold medalist for the United States in Rowing at the 2024 Summer Olympics - Mens coxless four</p><br>
<p>Hadley Clayton ‘23, founding member of the Princeton Varsity Women’s Rugby Team.</p><br>
<p>The Cherokee Female Seminary was built by the Cherokee Nation in 1889 near Tahlequah, Indian Territory. It replaced their original girls&#39; seminary, the first Cherokee Female Seminary, that had burned down on Easter Sunday two years before. The Seminary was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The Cherokee Council chose to rebuild the school on a 40-acre (160,000 m) site north of Tahlequah, Oklahoma near Hendricks Spring. Two years later, on May 7, 1889, the dedication ceremonies were held in honor of the new building. The school was modeled after other female seminaries of the time.The Female Seminary was owned and operated by the Cherokee Nation until March 6, 1909, after Oklahoma had been admitted as a state as in 1907, and tribal land claims were extinguished. At this point, the state converted the seminary into a normal school.</p><br>
<p>The Cherokee Nation ran both a male and female seminary in this territory, showing the importance placed on education within the Nation. Female seminaries were a larger cultural movement across the United States in the mid-nineteenth century, by which time they had taken over the role played traditionally by the boarding school, which had offered a more family-like atmosphere.</p><br>
<h2>Location and property</h2><br>
<p>The Cherokee Female Seminary was located in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, a small city near the Ozark Mountains. Tahlequah was also home to the Cherokee Male Seminary and public schools and was the capital of the Cherokee Nation.</p><br>
<p>The Seminary consisted of a large building on a hill that housed up to 175 students plus staff and stewards. At the new site&#39;s creation in 1889, the building had electric lights, steam-powered heating, and water supplied from a local spring. It housed a parlor, a library, a kitchen, a chapel, and bedrooms.</p><br>
<h2>Student life and curriculum</h2><br>
<p>The Cherokee Female Seminary in Tahlequah was designed after Mount Holyoke in Massachusetts and its first two teachers were alumni of the school, Ellen Whitmore and Sarah Worcester. Miss Florence Wilson served as the principal of the Cherokee Female Seminary at both its original and rebuilt site from 1875 to 1901. She is regarded by many of the teachers and alumni as the most influential figure in the school&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The seminary began by offering the four high school years and eventually expanded to grades 1-12, with grades 1-5 becoming the "primary department" and 6-8 the "preparatory department".</p><br>
<h3>High School</h3><br>
<p>High School students took the following courses over four years: English, US History, Physiology, Arithmetic, Latin, Botany, Algebra, General History, Geometry, Physics, Civics, and Chemistry. Instrumental and vocal music were offered for an additional charge.</p><br>
<p>The seminary also had a large focus on Christianity and its principles were widespread in the curriculum. Church attendance was mandatory for students. Students were also taught domestic skills, like sewing, as endorsed by the US federal government.</p><br>
<h2>Institutional history</h2><br>
<p>After a fire burned down the original site, a new building opened in 1889. According to the Cherokee Advocate newspaper, up to three thousand people attended the reopening celebrations in a precession that totaled a mile long.</p><br>
<p>When the state converted the seminary into a normal school, the new State Legislature of Oklahoma passed an act providing for the creation of Northeastern State Normal School at Tahlequah, Oklahoma. The act also authorized the purchase of the building, land, and equipment of the Cherokee Female Seminary from the Cherokee Tribal Government. At the start of the next academic year, on September 14, the state held its first classes at the newly founded Northeastern State Normal School, primarily intended to train teachers of elementary grades. The institution has been developed over the decades and is now Northeastern State University, offering a range of curriculum and graduate programs.</p><br>
<h2>Present day and legacy</h2><br>
<p>What is now called Seminary Hall, in honor of the Cherokee Seminary, is the oldest building on NSU&#39;s campus. It was built in 1889 by St. Louis architect Charles E. Illsley, who designed it in the Romanesque Revival style, complete with fortress-like turrets flanking the main entrance and a clock tower that resembles a church steeple and rises two stories above the rest of the building. In 1994, the building was completely restored.</p><br>
<p>The building was renovated and upgraded in 2020, with the work aided by a $4 million grant from the Cherokee Nation. That work included using salvaged wood and brick from the 1800s to match the original building materials where needed, and replacing aluminum window frames from a prior renovation with custom wood frames typical of the period. In addition, half-octagon-shaped roof dormers were added, as they were drawn in the original architect&#39;s plans.</p><br>
<p>The building now houses classrooms along with academic and faculty offices. It was the first campus classroom building wired for multimedia instruction. At the main entrance of the building are three murals painted in the 1930s as a WPA project by Stephen Mopope, Jack Hokeah (both Kiowa), and Albin Jake (Pawnee).</p><br>
<h3>Notable alumni</h3><br>
<p>Prior to her further education, Rachel Caroline Eaton attended the first inception of the Seminary, before it burned down. She is believed to be the first indigenous Oklahoman woman to earn a Ph.D. She later returned to teach at the new Cherokee Female Seminary. Carrie Bushyhead Quarles was the valedictorian of the class of 1855 and taught in the Cherokee School system for almost forty years. Another graduate from the first school was Carlotta Archer. She graduated in 1883, then taught music at the new seminary after the fire from 1894 to 1902.</p><br>
<p>The first class to graduate from the Cherokee Female Seminary had two students, Tennie Steele Fuller and Belle Cobb. Belle returned back to the Seminary to teach before studying medicine. Lulu Hefner was an Oklahoman businesswoman who attended the Seminary. She is remembered as the first female oil operator in Oklahoman history. Bula Benson Edmondson graduated in 1902, taught for several years, and participated in suffrage parades.</p><br>
<p>Quinn Chapel AME Church is a historic African Methodist Episcopal Church building located at 227 Bowen Street in the Carondelet section of St. Louis, Missouri, in the United States. Built in 1869 as the North Public Market, it was acquired by the church in 1880.</p><br>
<p>On October 16, 1974, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Its current pastor is Rev. Lori K. Beason.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Carondelet AME Church, which had been founded in 1845, bought the North Public Market in 1880 from the city of St. Louis and converted it for use as a church. The market, built in 1869 by the then city of Carondolet, had passed to the city of St. Louis in 1870 when it annexed Carondolet. In 1882 the church&#39;s name was changed to Quinn Chapel in memory of William Paul Quinn, the fourth bishop of the AME Church.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>Quinn Chapel is still an active AME Church. Its current pastor is the Rev. Lori K. Beason.</p><br>
<p>Atalaya and Brookgreen Gardens is a National Historic Landmark District encompassing two formerly-united properties associated with sculptor Anna Hyatt Huntington  on the coast of Georgetown County, South Carolina. The district includes Atalaya Castle, now part of Huntington Beach State Park, and the sculpture garden of Brookgreen Gardens, both properties part of a large estate developed by Anna and Archer M. Huntington in the 1930s. It includes the nation&#39;s first formal sculpture garden, and one of the studios at which Huntington did her most productive work. The district was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Atalaya</h2><br>
<p>Atalaya is a large Spanish Revival building, built in 1931–33, without architectural drawings, but with clear design ideas imparted by Archer Huntington, who was (among other pursuits) a scholar of Spanish arts. Its styling is reminiscent of Moorish architecture found in coastal Spain. Roughly square in shape, it has about thirty rooms, most notably a large studio space in the southeast that was one of Anna Huntington&#39;s workspaces. The property was used by the Huntingtons as their winter quarters until about 1947, and was leased by Anna to the state in 1960 for use as a state park.</p><br>
<h2>Brookgreen Gardens sculpture garden</h2><br>
<p>Brookgreen Gardens is a large (more than 9,000 acre) nature preserve, established by the Huntingtons in 1931 as a place to showcase not just Anna&#39;s art, but that of other contemporary sculptors. The sculpture garden takes up about 550 acre of the property, and is the only portion included in the landmark designation. It was the first public sculpture garden established in the United States, and is probably its largest. Its permanent collection includes numerous pieces by Huntington, and contemporaries who were working between about 1890 and 1940. The buildings of the garden include a studio in which Anna Huntington worked.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>Atalaya and Brookgreen Gardens are the only major site reflective of the full range of Anna Hyatt Huntingtons work and philanthropy. Although she had other studio spaces where she worked (notably at their summer estate in Connecticut, where the house no longer stands), those at Brookgreen and Atalaya are the only ones that survive. Anna Hyatt Huntington began selling sculptures in partnership with her sister in 1895, and had received numerous national and international awards for her work by the time she married industrialist and philanthropist Archer Huntington in 1923. Her work, mainly realistic depictions of animals, was in marked contrast to contemporary female sculptors, who tended to produce human representations. She came down with tuberculosis in the 1920s, and the South Carolina estate was developed as a natural retreat. Annas contributions to the construction of Atalaya and Brookgreen include the fabrication of wrought iron hardware, include Brookgreen&#39;s gates. She was responsible for laying out and directing the landscaping of the sculpture garden.</p><br>
<p>Beaufort Historic District is a historic district in Beaufort, South Carolina. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969,</p><br>
<p>The historic district is renowned for its impressive collection of antebellum architecture that reflect the Federal, neoclassical, and Greek revival styles that were popular during the interwar period, along with the widespread use of tabby. A variety of homes, gardens, commercial buildings, houses of worship and graveyards are featured in the district, with some sites open for public inspection. Continuous efforts at rehabilitation and conservation underline the community&#39;s commitment to maintaining the historic nature of the district, which has attracted much acclaim and garnered popularity from visitors and media outlets.</p><br>
<p>The districts condition has been assessed several times since it was listed in 1969, and in 1998 the National Park Service proposed listing the district as "threatened" due to an ongoing gradual loss of historic integrity. Partly in reaction to this, the districts significance was broadened to include a distinctive historical element of post-Civil War history. The Port Royal Experiment, centered in Beaufort, involved a large-scale redistribution of land from large landowners to former African-American slaves in an effort to assimilate the freed slaves into a modern post-war society. This Reconstruction-era effort had a marked impact on Beaufort&#39;s built environment, and is still evident in the surviving buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Neighborhoods</h2><br>
<p>The district can be further divided into five unique and distinct neighborhoods. For some purposes, the Northwest Quadrant neighborhood is not considered to be in the historic district, however it is often grouped in together with the other neighborhoods.</p><br>
<p>Downtown is centered along Bay Street, Beauforts historic commercial street. It includes other nearby streets and is mainly commercial in character. Located between the Beaufort River and Bay Street is the newly renovated Henry Chambers Waterfront Park, which overlooks the Beaufort River and is home to many of the citys festivals and events. Most non-tourist commercial services have since relocated to other areas in the city, leaving mostly restaurants and shops that showcase various art, handicrafts, and antiques.</p><br>
<p>The Point neighborhood (also known as the Old Point) is home to some of Beaufort&#39;s largest, oldest, and most expensive homes. Defined as the land between Carteret Street and the Beaufort River, this portion of downtown does not follow the major street grid and was once an area where a timber mill operated. Homes in this area range from the impressive mansions that overlook the Beaufort river to Victorian and Queen Anne style homes along Craven Street. Streetscapes are typically dominated by an impressive live oak canopy, often accompanied by Spanish moss. The Rhett House Inn is at 1009 Craven Street.</p><br>
<p>The Bluff area is located along Bay Street and North Street, immediately west of downtown. The large homes in the area are some of the most recognizable in the city, and have a scenic overlook of the Beaufort River. The art deco USA District Courthouse is located at the western end of the Bluff.</p><br>
<p>The Old Commons neighborhood (also known as the Northeast Quadrant) is located in the northeastern portion of Beaufort&#39;s original street grid, and is defined as the area among Carteret Street on the east, North Street on the south, Charles Street on the west, and Boundary Street to the north. Originally home to a hodgepodge of medium-sized homes, graveyards, and chapels, this section of downtown is undergoing reinvestment and redevelopment, yet retains a southern style of architecture. Nearly all homes in this neighborhood employ front or side porches.</p><br>
<p>The Northwest Quadrant neighborhood is loosely defined as the area between Charles Street on the east, Prince Street to the south, Ribaut Road on the west, and Boundary Street to the north. This area has for generations been the center of Beaufort&#39;s African-American community and is composed of late 19th and early 20th century homes, many in a shotgun architectural style. Bladen Street serves as the principal street through the community, and was recently renovated with improved landscaping and pedestrian access. There have been increased efforts at rehabilitation of several properties in the Quadrant, though significant financial and social obstacles often hinder these efforts.</p><br>
<h2>Historic sites</h2><br>
<p>Several sites individually listed on the National Register are in Beaufort and may be contributing properties in this district. These include:</p><br>
<p>The Anchorage</p><br>
<p>William Barnwell House</p><br>
<p>Barnwell-Gough House</p><br>
<p>John A. Cuthbert House</p><br>
<p>Marshlands(NHL)</p><br>
<p>Robert Smalls House (NHL)</p><br>
<p>Tabby Manse</p><br>
<p>John Mark Verdier House</p><br>
<p>The Cobbler&#39;s Cottage</p><br>
<p>The William Johnson House and the Parish Church of St. Helena are contributing properties.</p><br>
<p>The Burt-Stark Mansion, also known as Armistead Burt House, in Abbeville, South Carolina was the site of the last Council of War of cabinet members of the Confederate government. On May 2, 1865, Jefferson Davis, hoping to continue the struggle, met unanimous opposition and realized the Confederate independence cause was lost.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1992 for being where Davis had his last council of war.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The property has had seven owners. The original owner, David Lesley, owned it until he died in 1855. He had hired Johnson, an English landscaper, to organize the property. The next owner was a Presbyterian pastor, Thomas A. Hoyt, who owned it until 1859 when he was sent to another church in Louisville, Kentucky. A banker from Charleston, South Carolina, Andrew Simonds, bought it from Hoyt and, in 1862, sold it to Armistead Burt, who owned it when Jefferson Davis used the building.</p><br>
<p>Davis&#39; wife, Varina Davis, had met Armistead Burt when Jefferson Davis first entered the United States Congress in December 1845. Burt invited Varina Davis and her children to his house, as Varina was sent away from Richmond, Virginia. Varina suggested to Burt that USA soldiers might eventually burn the house for harboring her, but he said there would be no greater cause than for his house to be burnt for. Varina moved to the mansion on April 17. Days later, after Varina fled further south, Davis came to the house.</p><br>
<p>On May 2, 1865, between four and six in the afternoon, Jefferson Davis held his final war council, with Secretary of War John C. Breckinridge, Secretary of State Judah P. Benjamin, and several military officers, most notable of them Braxton Bragg and Basil W. Duke. Davis wanted to continue the fight, using the forces west of the Mississippi River, but the others disagreed. When Davis asked the men why they were still there, they replied it was to ensure Davis got to safety. After fuming for several minutes, Davis resigned himself to the decision of the others, effectively ending the existence of the Confederate States of America. However, the last land Confederate force to surrender would not be until June 24, when Stand Watie surrendered in Oklahoma; the last Confederate naval vessel surrendered at Liverpool later that year. After the Abbeville meeting, the cabinet, Davis, a 3,000-strong protective force, and the Confederate treasury dispersed.</p><br>
<p>After the war, in 1868, Burt sold the house in bankruptcy. A local planter, James R. Norwood, bought it; when he died in 1875, his widow and daughter inherited it. James Samuel Stark and his wife bought it from them in 1900 and restored the building. On their death, their daughter Mary Stark Davis inherited it. After Davis died in the fall of 1987, the Abbeville Historic Preservation Commission was given control of the house and has operated tours of it ever since.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The house is a white Greek Revival style two-story house with a frame structure and lap siding. A front pedimented portico, also two stories high, is supported by four square columns. Underneath this is a small wooden latticework second-story balcony. It has a brick foundation with wooden walls. The roof is made of aluminum and tin, with both asphalt and cedar shingles. The shutters on all the windows are original. There were several exterior buildings, but the only one still standing was the kitchen; the other buildings on the property were a carriage house, cow barn, milk house, smokehouse, and well house. Spacious rooms and high ceilings mark the interior. A central great hall with an Adam fanlight is the main entrance to the domicile, with a drawing room on each side. Jefferson Davis held his final war council with John C. Breckinridge, his Secretary of War, and senior military officials in the left drawing room. Before the war, the wide double doors would open to create a ballroom from the entire front area. After the war, the only additions to the house were a bathroom and a northwest corner wing, which provided extra kitchen space. Most of the furnishings are from the 1850s and 1860s.</p><br>
<p>It was built in the 1830s by David Lesley, a local attorney, judge, planter, and Presbyterian Church elder. Lesley had seen a house in the Northern United States that he liked and chose that house as the prototype for his own. He sent Cubic, an enslaved man who was a master carpenter, to look at the prototype house, and he then oversaw the construction of Lesley&#39;s reproduction.</p><br>
<p>The 1915 Inman Hotel is a former hotel building in Champaign, Illinois, United States. It is located at the southeast corner of University Avenue and Walnut Street, a major intersection in the downtown area of Champaign. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Inman Hotel was listed on the Register in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is six stories tall and of Classical Revival style architecture in glazed yellow brick with beige terra cotta trim. Initially constructed with only five stories, a sixth floor was added only a few years later.</p><br>
<p>Due to the shape of the lot on which it is situated, the east wall of the building is 32 feet longer than the west wall, resulting in the northeast and northwest corners not meeting at right angles. The building is 80 feet wide, and the shorter west wall is 100 feet long.</p><br>
<p>Stone Street is a short street in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City. It runs in two sections between Whitehall Street in the west and Hanover Square in the east. The street originally was one continuous roadway from Whitehall Street to Hanover Square, but the section between Broad Street and Coenties Alley was eliminated in 1980 to make way for the Goldman Sachs building at 85 Broad Street. The one-block-long western section between Whitehall and Broad Streets carries vehicular traffic, while the two-block-long eastern section between Coenties Alley and Hanover Square is a pedestrian zone.</p><br>
<p>Stone Street is one of New York&#39;s oldest streets, incorporating two 17th-century roads in the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam. In 1658 it became the first cobbled street in New Amsterdam. After the British conquered the colony, the street was called Duke Street before being renamed Stone Street, for its cobblestone paving, in 1794. Many of the early structures around Stone Street were destroyed in the Great Fire of 1835, after which Stone Street was redeveloped with stores and lofts for dry-goods merchants and importers. Following many decades of neglect, Stone Street was restored in the late 20th century and the eastern section became a restaurant area.</p><br>
<p>Stone Street contains several prominent structures, including 1 Hanover Square, a National Historic Landmark. The eastern portion of the street and the surrounding buildings are designated as the Stone Street Historic District, which is both listed on the National Register of Historic Places and protected by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. In addition, the remaining portions of the street are part of the Financial District&#39;s street layout, a city landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Stone Street runs in two sections within the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City. The western section carries eastbound traffic for one block between Whitehall Street in the west and Broad Street in the east. The intersection of Stone and Whitehall Streets, facing the Alexander Hamilton USA Custom House, has entrances to the New York City Subway&#39;s South Ferry/Whitehall Street station, served by the.</p><br>
<p>The eastern section runs two blocks between Coenties Alley, in the west. to the intersection with William Street and the western section of Hanover Square, in the east. Mill Lane, a short alley that dates to the area&#39;s 17th-century colonial development, diverges from the northern sidewalk of Stone Street between Coenties Alley and William Street.</p><br>
<p>The block from Broad Street to Coenties Alley was closed in 1980 and removed from the street grid. The former path of Stone Street is preserved in the curved lobby of the 85 Broad Street skyscraper, which occupies the site. The public corridor contains a stone floor as well as LED "arches" extending above the corridor. In addition, remnants of curbs were placed where Stone and Broad Streets historically intersected. Both remaining sections of the street are preserved as part of the New Amsterdam street grid, a New York City designated landmark. Outside the eastern facade of 85 Broad Street is a plaque showing a map of Stone Street&#39;s historic path.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early development</h3><br>
<h4>Dutch colonial era</h4><br>
<p>Stone Street is one of New York&#39;s oldest streets, having been built not long after the Dutch West India Company established New Amsterdam in 1624. It contains parts of two colonial streets: Breuers Straet (literally "Brewers Street"), from Whitehall to Broad Streets, and Hoogh Straet (literally "High Street"), from Broad to Hanover Square. The streets formed a longer road running from Peck Slip Ferry at what is now South Street Seaport; they were originally connected by a bridge spanning an inlet in the middle of Broad Street. The original street surface is about 6.5 to 7 ft beneath the modern street.</p><br>
<p>Breuers Straet (renamed Straet van de Graft in 1655 and Brouwer Straet by 1668 David T. Valentine subsequently wrote that, from the occupations of the residents, "it is to be inferred that this was one of the best streets of the town". The petition was approved and, in 1658, Breuers Straet became the first cobbled street in New Amsterdam.</p><br>
<p>Hoogh Straet was so named because it was on a low embankment flanked by the East River to the south and a swamp, called Bloemmaert&#39;s or the Company Vly, to the north. Hoogh Straet continued northeast of Hanover Square, along what is now the northern side of Pearl Street, to modern-day Wall Street; On Hoogh Straet, the Dutch West India Company had laid out two rows of land lots by 1642, which were granted to property owners including Wessel Evertsen, Thomas Willett, and Richard Smith. Around 1656, Hoogh Straet was shifted about 20 to 25 feet northward, to align it with Breuers Straet. Some time afterward, Hoogh Straet was paved, although the date of this paving is unknown. The Castello Plan of 1660 indicated that many structures on both streets were gable-roofed houses.</p><br>
<h4>British and post-colonial era</h4><br>
<p>The British took over New Amsterdam in 1664 and renamed New York. Subsequently, Hoogh Straet was translated to High Street by 1677, and Breuers Straet became Stony (Stone) Street by 1695. By the late 17th century, High Street had become known as the "English Quarter" after many British merchants moved to the area, attracted by its proximity to the Coenties Slip fish market and Old Slip meat market. Artisans, merchants, and printer William Bradford were recorded as residents in 1703. At least eight high-profile colonial families owned land in the surrounding area, and several Jewish families were also recorded as landowners.</p><br>
<p>High Street was called Duke Street, for the Duke of York, during most of the 18th century. The street surface was graded in 1771. Following the American Revolutionary War, New Yorkers sought to change the names of locales and structures that reflected British rule. Subsequently, Duke Street was renamed Stone Street in 1794. The street was also widened during this time.</p><br>
<p>At the beginning of the 19th century, after Lower Manhattan was expanded via landfill, the area became increasingly commercial and many residences on and around Stone Street were subdivided. By the 1820s, some structures on Stone Street were being built specifically for commercial use; these were likely made of brick with brownstone trimming. At the time, the street&#39;s sidewalk contained brownstone slabs and bluestone-tiled curbs. In addition, there were complaints the street was dirty, as the wooden sewers frequently needed to be replaced or fixed. A brick and stone sewer was authorized in 1830, and funds to build the new sewers and repave the street were issued in 1831.</p><br>
<h3>Great Fire and reconstruction</h3><br>
<p>Most of the areas structures were damaged or destroyed on December 16, 1835, when the Great Fire of New York started at a nearby warehouse and spread through the neighborhood by high winds. The fire covered 13 acres and destroyed almost 700 buildings in the First Ward. Immediately after the fire, real estate prices in the neighborhood increased drastically, prompting the areas wealthy residents to sell off their land. Over 600 new buildings were built in the First Ward in 1836, including numerous four-story Greek Revival commercial buildings on Stone Street. The designs of Stone Street&#39;s Greek Revival buildings were devised by professional architects, who either sold the plans to builders or supervised the construction themselves. Specific architects and builders have not been identified for any particular structure.</p><br>
<p>Residents petitioned the city government to widen Stone Street in 1835, The work was completed at an unknown date, bringing the streets width to 35 ft. A layer of fill was added during this project, raising the level of Stone Street. The Italianate-style brownstone building at 1 Hanover Square, on the southern sidewalk of Stone Street at the streets eastern end, was completed in 1854 and was gradually expanded into three of the neighboring commercial buildings through the 1910s. Relatively few modifications were made to buildings on Stone Street during the late 19th century, and most of the street&#39;s commercial buildings were still four stories tall. During the 1890s, mid-rise buildings of six to eight stories were built or expanded at 22, 31–35, and 54 Stone Street. Additionally, in March 1890, Stone Street was repaved in Belgian blocks.</p><br>
<h3>Early and mid-20th century</h3><br>
<p>Among the major 19th-century landowners on Stone Street was Amos R. Eno, who acquired several structures on and near Stone Street between 1842 and his 1898 death. Amos R. Eno&#39;s son, Amos F. Eno, hired C. P. H. Gilbert in 1903 to remodel the building at 57 Stone Street in the Dutch Colonial Revival style and, in 1908, rehired Gilbert for a similar renovation at 55 Stone Street. Between these two renovations merchant Henry Schaefer hired Edward L. Tilton to redesign 53 Stone Street in the same style. Other major structures in the area included an 18-story building at 24–26 Stone Street, built around 1905. as well as an 11-story building at 1 William Street, completed in 1907.</p><br>
<p>Following World War I, numerous mid-rise buildings were built on Stone Street, some of which were erected by marine insurance companies. Underwriting firm Chubb & Son hired Arthur C. Jackson in 1919 to design a neo-Renaissance facade for the existing structure at 54 Stone Street. William H. McGee & Company hired William Neil Smith to design a neo-Gothic office building at 59–61 Stone Street and a private club called the Block Hall at 45–47 Stone Street.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1950s and early 1960s, two skyscrapers were completed at the western end of Stone Street, although neither structure had its main address on the street. The 32-story structure at 2 Broadway was completed in 1959 at the northeastern corner of Stone and Whitehall Streets, while the 23-story structure at 1 Whitehall Street was completed in 1962 at the southeastern corner of the same intersection. Financial firm Lehman Brothers purchased the site bounded by Broad, South William, and Pearl Streets and Coenties Alley during the late 1960s. The firm wanted to close Stone Street to make way for a 38-story headquarters. The site was cleared, but amid a poor real estate market, the building plan was scrapped in 1970 and the vacant lot became parking space. In subsequent years, the vacant block of Stone Street had become neglected and was accumulating trash.</p><br>
<h3>Splitting and restoration</h3><br>
<p>Archeologists started excavating the vacant Lehman site, the Stadt Huys Block, in 1979 after development resumed on the site. The following year, the sites owner Galbreath-Ruffin started developing the 30-story tower at 85 Broad Street. To make way for the skyscraper, the block of Stone Street from Broad Street to Coenties Alley was closed in 1980 and subsequently removed. Following pressure from the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) and New York City Planning Commission (CPC), the buildings footprint was relocated to preserve Stone Street&#39;s path. That structure was completed in 1983. Some structures were also demolished or reduced in size during this time.</p><br>
<p>By the 1990s, Stone Street was rundown, and developer Tony Goldman had bought several buildings on the street, intending to restore the streets character. In 1996, the LPC designated the eastern portion of the street and the surrounding buildings as the Stone Street Historic District. The historic district was also added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1999. The LPC, city agencies, and Downtown Alliance collectively contributed $1.8 million toward the renovation of Stone Street, while the streets property owners donated $170,000 for the restoration of basement vaults beneath the sidewalk.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Stone Street Historic District</h3><br>
<p>The Stone Street Historic District is both a city-designated and NRHP district, covering two city blocks adjacent to Stone Street. The city and NRHP districts carry the same boundaries, running from Coenties Alley to Mill Lane on the northern sidewalk and from Coenties Alley to Hanover Square on the southern sidewalk. The historic district largely contains several restaurants and bars. The Stone Street Historic District contains one of three large groupings of 1830s-era Greek Revival structures in Lower Manhattan, the others being the Fraunces Tavern and South Street Seaport historic districts.</p><br>
<p>The district&#39;s Greek Revival buildings are 20 to 30 ft wide by 70 to 80 ft deep. These occupy their full land lots, which are irregularly shaped because of the curved path of Stone Street, and contain a secondary address on South William Street in the north or Pearl Street to the south. Some buildings have minor additional decorative features, such as the granite piers and lintels at 51–55 Stone Street.</p><br>
<p>Several commercial buildings were subsequently remodeled in various styles. The seven-story building at 59–61 Stone Street (also respectively 9–11 South William Street) contains a neo-Gothic facade with a mansard roof. The four-story neo-Dutch Renaissance facades at 57 Stone Street and 13 South William Street contain stepped gables, a limestone base, and a honey-colored brick cladding on its upper stories. The structures at 53–55 Stone Street resemble the other Greek Revival structures on their Stone Street facades but have neo-Dutch Renaissance facades along the opposite end at 17–19 South William Street. The Block Hall at 45–47 Stone Street, built in 1928 as a private clubhouse, has a dark brick facade of seven stories on Stone Street and four-and-a-half on South William Street. The loft building on 54 Stone Street was remodeled with neo-Renaissance detail on its seven-story facade at Pearl Street, though the six-story Stone Street facade retains Greek Revival detail.</p><br>
<p>At the eastern end of Stone Street is 1 Hanover Square, which occupies the southern sidewalk at 60–66 Stone Street. It consists of a brownstone building on Hanover Square and three Greek Revival commercial lofts. It is the last of the Italianate commercial structures that once were common in Lower Manhattan. 1 Hanover Square is also an individual city landmark and a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h3>Other structures</h3><br>
<p>1 William Street, on the northern sidewalk at 63–67 Stone Street opposite 1 Hanover Square, is an individual city landmark. Built in 1907 for J. & W. Seligman, it was subsequently occupied by Lehman Brothers and Banca Commerciale Italiana. The building is an individual landmark, but excluded from the Stone Street Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The site between Broad Street and Coenties Alley is occupied by 85 Broad Street, a skyscraper completed in 1983. The structure was designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) and is 32 stories tall.</p><br>
<p>Pitts&#39; Folly is a historic antebellum Greek Revival residence located in Uniontown, Alabama. The house was built by Philip Henry Pitts as his main house. It was designed by architect B. F. Parsons, who also designed the nearby Perry County Courthouse in Marion. Many local legends detail how the house gained its name, but they all center on the people of Uniontown believing it to be folly, or foolishness, that Pitts was building such a large house.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Phillip Henry Pitts was born June 3, 1814, in Essex County, Virginia. He was the son of Thomas Daniel Pitts, a veteran of the War of 1812 who moved his family to Uniontown in 1833. Pitts married in 1841 to Margaret Davidson, the sister of Alexander C. Davidson. The Davidsons were descendants of William Lee Davidson, a general during the American Revolutionary War and founder of Davidson College in North Carolina. Pitts himself was a large contributor to the college within his lifetime and his plantation diaries were later donated to it for preservation. Pitts also owned stock in the Alabama-Mississippi Railroad. Phillip Pitts remained a cotton planter until his death on April 22, 1884. The house continues to be occupied by the descendants of Phillip Pitts to the present day.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Pitts&#39; Folly is a two-story wood-frame structure with wooden clapboarding. The roof is gabled on the east and west sides, with a flat roof over the portico. The front and eastern elevations feature a two-story portico with fourteen masonry Doric columns, nine across the front and five on the east side. A cantilevered second floor balcony wraps both sides of the house under the portico. The interior is divided on both floors by a central hallway. Several rooms feature decorative plasterwork. The house and grounds were surveyed in 1935 and 1936 by the Historic American Buildings Survey. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The former First Church of Christ, Scientist, located at 128 East Adams Street, in Sandusky, Ohio, in the United States is an historic structure that on October 20, 1982, was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The building is now Emmanuel Temple Church.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>First Church of Christ, Scientist, Sandusky, is no longer in existence. Emmanuel Temple Church, affiliated with the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World (PAW), now worships in the building. The Rev. Rufus G. W. Sanders, Ph.D., bishop of the PAW, is the founding pastor, of Emmanuel Temple Church.</p><br>
<p>Grace Episcopal Church is an historic Episcopal church located at 315 Wayne Street in Sandusky, Ohio, in the United States. On October 20, 1982, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Grace Episcopal Church was organized on March 15, 1835. The church building dates from 1843.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>Grace Episcopal Church is still an active parish in the Episcopal Diocese of Ohio. The current priest-in-charge is Rev. Jan Smith Wood.</p><br>
<p>The John A. Lafevre House and School is located along NY 208 in the town of Gardiner, New York, United States. It is often believed to be in New Paltz as it is within that town&#39;s ZIP Code. The house is a stone structure dating to 1772; the school was built in 1835 and remained in use for almost a century. Both are well-preserved examples of their type of building and were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<h3>House</h3><br>
<p>The home is a classic example of the stone houses built in the area by the Huguenot settlers, reflecting their vernacular traditions. They used local limestone, and pointed the corners with mortar derived from the same local limestone. Hand-hewn timbers were used for the floor beams and roof plates with lighter, untrimmed poles handling most of the framing.</p><br>
<p>The interior typically followed a long rectangular plan with two large rooms, a cellar and a loft. This design is unique to Ulster County and contrasts with more Dutch designs found to the north and south. The original beams and joists, as well as many period fireplace mantels, remain.</p><br>
<h3>School</h3><br>
<p>The school is a typical early one-room schoolhouse of a type common to rural New York in the early to mid-19th century. Its division into classroom and vestibule space reflects the influence of educational reformers of the day such as William A. Alcott, who called for school buildings to be equipped with amenities such as heating and lighting so they would be more conducive to learning.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lafevre (1746–1818) was a descendant of the original New Paltz Huguenots. He was granted 500 acres (2 km) of the Huguenot&#39;s original patent and built the house there in 1772. In 1798 he added a third room, following in the Ulster County tradition of expanding the house linearly rather than on the back.</p><br>
<p>His son Matthew (1774–1851) altered the interior and may have added the rear addition. In 1835 the growing community of Gardiner needed land for a school, so he donated a small parcel near the house to the Kettleborough School District. The red wooden one-room schoolhouse erected was used by Kettleborough and its successors until 1932. The estate is now owned by Tammy Boylan, and her husband, Michael.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas Alva Edison Birthplace is a historic house museum at 9 Edison Drive in Milan, Ohio, Built in 1841, it was the birthplace of American inventor Thomas Alva Edison , born on February 11, 1847. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. It is now the Thomas Edison Birthplace Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Thomas Alva Edison Birthplace is in a formerly residential (now a museum complex) area north of downtown Milan, on the west side of North Edison Drive. It is a small -story brick building, with a gabled roof and two end chimneys. The main facade is five bays wide, with the entrance at the center, topped by a four-light transom window. The door and window openings are all headed by stone lintels. The downstairs interior includes two parlors, a sitting room, and kitchen. The sitting room, in which Edison was born, includes the bed in which his mother lay for the birth. The upstairs attic level includes two more bedrooms. The house is furnished with Edison family artifacts.</p><br>
<p>The house was built and designed by Samuel Edison in 1841, on land purchased by his wife, Nancy Elliott Edison. His son Thomas was born here in 1847, and it remained the family home until 1854, when they moved to Port Huron, Michigan. The young Edison&#39;s early youth in Milan appears to have been unremarkable, the most notorious incident being his burning down a barn, described by one biographer as a "glorious experiment".</p><br>
<p>The Luther Brannon House was a stone bungalow structure at 151 Oak Ridge Turnpike in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States, where it was one of the few buildings remaining from before World War II.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1941 by Owen Hackworth and just months later was acquired by the USA Army for the Manhattan Project. It was one of about 180 existing structures that were spared from demolition after the area was acquired for Manhattan Project production activities. The house is believed to have been used as headquarters for local project operations and living quarters for General Leslie Groves until the Army completed construction of new administration buildings.</p><br>
<p>After the war, when most other remaining pre-war structures in Oak Ridge were torn down, the house was left standing. As of 1991, it was one of only three pre-World War II houses remaining in Oak Ridge, the others being Freels Cabin and the J. B. Jones House. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places due to its association with General Groves and the early development of Oak Ridge.</p><br>
<p>The house suffered significant damage from a fire in July 2014 and was demolished in 2021.</p><br>
<p>Edgecliff College was a private Catholic women&#39;s college located in Cincinnati. It was founded in 1935 and merged with Xavier University, also of Cincinnati, in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The college was founded as Our Lady of Cincinnati College by the Sisters of Mercy, a Roman Catholic religious institute. The college was designed to serve as a replacement for the College of Sacred Heart in Clifton, which had ceased operations. The campus was located on a hill in the Walnut Hills section of the city, which offered students views of northern Kentucky and the Ohio River.</p><br>
<p>Edgecliff received its accreditation from the Higher Learning Commission in 1955. A liberal arts college, a variety of programs of study were offered, including majors in music, art, social work, and nursing. In 1969, the name was changed to Edgecliff College. A year later, the first male students were admitted, making the college fully coeducational.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1970s, Edgecliff developed an articulation agreement with the Cincinnati College of Mortuary Science, which allowed CCMS students to receive their Bachelors degree at Edgecliff after receiving their diploma and Associates degree from CCMS. By 1979, the CCMS campus had moved onto the Edgecliff campus, though the two colleges continued to operate as separate institutions.</p><br>
<p>Following financial struggles, Edgecliff officially merged with Xavier University on July 1, 1980. The final Edgecliff class graduated in 1984. All student records are now held by Xavier, and services for the more than 3,500 living alumni are organized through the university. Xaviers Alumni Hall was renamed Edgecliff Hall in honor of the college. Edgecliff Hall has since become the home of Xaviers Department of Music and Theatre.</p><br>
<p>In 1986, Xavier closed the Edgecliff campus and sold it to a private developer. The developer wanted to build two condominium towers on the cliff overlooking the Ohio River, but ultimately built only the first 23-story tower and gave the rest of the hillside to the Cincinnati Hillside Trust. The University of Cincinnati bought all of the rest of the land and the academic buildings from the developer, renovated the buildings added an academic building, and moved its College of Applied Science to the location in 1988 from its historic home at the Emery Building (Walnut and Central Parkway).</p><br>
<p>In 1977, several of the buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places for their architecture, and the Edgecliff House itself was individually granted the same designation in 1980; it has since been demolished.</p><br>
<p>Christ Episcopal Church is a historic Episcopal church located at 120 Ohio Street in Huron, Ohio, in the United States. On March 4, 1975, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Christ Episcopal Church was organized in 1837 and its church building dates from 1838.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>Christ Episcopal Church is still an active parish in the Episcopal Diocese of Ohio.</p><br>
<p>The church is interviewing for a new rector.</p><br>
<p>The Empire Building is an office building and early skyscraper at 71 Broadway, on the corner of Rector Street, in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City. It was designed by Kimball & Thompson in the Classical Revival style and built by Marc Eidlitz & Son from 1897 to 1898. The building consists of 21 stories above a full basement story facing Trinity Place at the back of the building and is 293 ft tall. The Empire Building is a New York City designated landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . It is also a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, a NRHP district created in 2007.</p><br>
<p>The Empire Building&#39;s articulation consists of three horizontal sections similar to the components of a column—namely a base, shaft, and capital—and has a facade of gray granite at its base and white granite on the upper stories. It is one of the earliest skyscrapers built on pneumatic caissons and one of the oldest such buildings that remain standing. The building contains an interior steel frame structure with a curtain-walled facade. The top stories contain a loggia on the facade as well as a large metal cornice above the 20th floor. There are numerous band courses, balconies, and arched windows along the facade.</p><br>
<p>The original Empire Building was a brownstone structure constructed in 1859. Though the politician and real estate developer Orlando B. Potter had acquired the brownstone in 1884, he died prior to the current buildings construction. The present Empire Building was ultimately developed by his children as a 20-story structure. The Empire Building was the home of United States Steel Corporation from the companys 1901 founding to 1976, and USA Steel owned the building between 1919 and 1973. The Empire Building&#39;s 21st floor was constructed between 1928 and 1930 to designs by John C. Westervelt. The building was converted to apartments in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The plot measures 78 ft along Broadway, 223 ft along Rector Street, and 50 ft on Trinity Place with a footprint of approximately 14,000 ft&sup2;. Because of modifications made to the building after its completion, some portions of the Broadway entrance cross over the lot line. The previous building on the site, a six-story brownstone structure,</p><br>
<p>Along Rector Street, it is adjacent to the churchyard of Trinity Church, providing a dramatic backdrop for the church and ensuring open views for the building. To the south is 65 Broadway, the former headquarters of the American Express company. There are entrances to New York City Subway stations right outside both of the Empire Buildings principal facades: two stairs to the Wall Street station are located to either side of the buildings main entrance, while an entrance to the Rector Street station is located on Trinity Place just outside the building entrance there.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Empire Building was designed by the partnership of Kimball & Thompson, composed of Francis H. Kimball and George Kramer Thompson, in the Classical Revival style. It was built by Marc Eidlitz & Son, with Charles Sooysmith as foundation engineer. Though the building faces Broadway, with its main entrance on 71 Broadway, it also has entrances at 51-53 Trinity Place. The Empire Building has also been historically known as the USA Steel Company Building or O.B. Potter Trust Building, reflecting its past ownership.</p><br>
<p>As designed, the Empire Building was 20 stories, excluding the full basement on Trinity Place, but this was later expanded to 21 stories plus the basement. The total height of the building is 293 ft. The facade rises straight from street level and fills the entire lot except for two light courts on the south end of the lot. The offices were arranged so that they faced north toward Trinity Church, while utility rooms and elevators are located on the southern portion of the building.</p><br>
<h3>Facade</h3><br>
<p>The facades of the Empire Building are arranged in three sections, consisting of a four-story "base", a "shaft", and a four-story "capital" on top, similar to the components of a column. This was a common setup for facades of buildings that were being erected in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The original design called for architectural terracotta sheathing, but the Potter family, which developed the Empire Building, switched to granite because they felt the material was "more suitable".</p><br>
<h4>Base</h4><br>
<p>The base is four stories of polished gray granite. Due to the difference in elevation between the front and the back of the building, the site slopes down from Broadway to Trinity Place, and there is a full-height storefront in the basement on Trinity Place.</p><br>
<p>The main entrance on Broadway is based on a triumphal arch, with a main archway that contains three pairs of steel doors, and two smaller flanking ones that lead to first floor stores. The triumphal arch is flanked by two pairs of granite columns, topped by eagles on globes. The entrance originally consisted of three pairs of doors, leading to a portico with a barrel vault; it was modified by Walker & Gillette in 1937–1938 in the Art Deco style. The remodeled entrance has a stainless-steel transom band directly atop the doors with the stainless-steel text "71 Broadway 71", as well as a round-arched stainless-steel spandrel panel at the top of the arch, with the number "71" in stainless steel. Staircases to the Wall Street subway station flank the arches at the main entrance.</p><br>
<p>On the corner of Broadway and Rector Street, there is a chamfer that used to have an entrance at the first floor. Along Rector Street, the facade of the base is divided into three parts, and the full basement has storefronts. An entrance arch was located in the middle of the facade. On the third and fourth floors of the Rector Street facade, there is an arcade with Ionic-style vertical pilasters.</p><br>
<p>The full basement facing Trinity Place has a storefront under the northernmost two bays. A recessed entrance designed by Walker & Gillette was installed in the southern two bays in 1937–1938. At the first story, there was formerly an entrance to the Sixth Avenue elevated, which was closed in 1938 and replaced by a steel surround designed by Walker & Gillette.</p><br>
<h4>Other stories</h4><br>
<p>The shaft is twelve stories of a white rusticated granite. The lowest section of the shaft is the 5th floor, which is designed as a transition between the base and the upper floors. The rest of the shaft&#39;s facade is composed of band courses that stretch horizontally across the facade on several floors. The facade of the 9th and 13th floors is composed of vertical pilasters rather than rusticated granite, and has arched windows instead of the rectangular windows seen on the other stories. The 7th, 11th, and 15th floors have balconies, while the 5th, 8th, and 12th floors have balconies. There is a cornice above the 16th floor.</p><br>
<p>The capital is four stories tall with loggias and a metal cornice above the 20th floor. The loggias, located on the 18th and 19th floors, are composed of Corinthian paired columns that form a colonnade. There are also ornamental panels. The 21st story was added in 1928–1930. Atop the south side of the 21st floor is a small terracotta tower that holds the machine rooms for the elevators.</p><br>
<h3>Features</h3><br>
<p>Contractor Charles Sooysmith designed the foundation, which was a mix of grillage and 23 pneumatic concrete caissons that went 23 ft down to bedrock. The foundation covered about half of the lot area. Sooysmith was among the first builders to use pneumatic caissons for foundations, having used them in other projects such as the Manhattan Life Insurance Building across Broadway (later demolished) and the American Surety Building two blocks south. The narrowness of the lot resulted in the inclusion of an extensive system of steel skeleton framing and bracing. The foundations were nonetheless designed to accommodate a future expansion of the building.</p><br>
<p>The total floor area is 300,000 ft&sup2;. Though the interior has been extensively remodeled, the Empire Building still contains one of its original staircases on the western side. The staircase has an iron railing, which contains decorative motifs featuring dolphins and Neptune&#39;s scepter, as well as marble treads.</p><br>
<p>The building was originally equipped with 10 hydraulic elevators manufactured by Otis Worldwide, which were grouped in two banks of five. Of these, nine elevators were for passenger service and one was a freight elevator that could carry loads of up to 8,000 lb. Each of the shafts was enclosed in masonry. The bottom 50 ft of each elevator shaft narrowed slightly to create a protective "air cushion", which used air pressure to slow down elevator cabs if they were to fall. These safety features were included because of a series of elevator accidents that had taken place at nearby 150 Nassau Street.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Context</h3><br>
<p>The first recorded owner of the site was the Trinity Church and German Lutheran Church, though the German Lutheran Church only occupied a part of the plot. There was an inn at Rector Street and Broadway in the late 18th century. The plot was sold to Grace Church in 1808 or 1809, and a church was built on the site. In 1837, Grace Church sold the land, and eight years later, merchant Michael Simpson bought the plot. The latter name was given because there was a public arcade extending adjacent to the building, connecting Broadway to the former Sixth Avenue elevated&#39;s Rector Street station.</p><br>
<p>By the late 19th century, it had become valuable: in April 1884, an English syndicate offered $1.25 million to the buildings then-owners S. T. Meyer & Son, an offer that was refused. The brownstone was bombed in 1891 as part of an extortion attempt directed toward politician Russell Sage, killing four people including the bomber. Prior to the explosion, a building tenant had written a letter to the New York City Department of Buildings commissioner, claiming that the building sometimes "vibrated violently" and was unsafe. The bombing was subsequently reclassified as an assassination attempt. Sage moved to 31 Nassau Street afterward.</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>After Potter died suddenly in 1894, his belongings passed to his family, and Potters children assumed his estate. Potters children then commissioned the current Empire Building.</p><br>
<p>During 1896, the caisson foundations were sunk at a depth of 50 ft. Construction on the above-ground structure started on June 1, 1897. During the excavation, a cornerstone from the old Grace Church was found at the building site, as well as bones and numerous tombstones. The arcade from the old building was kept within the new building. The facade was completed on April 19, 1898, with the first tenants moving to the new building shortly afterward. At the time of the Empire Buildings completion, it was one of the tallest buildings in New York City by floor count. It was among the first of several high-rise buildings that were erected on the southernmost section of Broadway starting in the late 1890s as well as one of the citys oldest steel-frame skyscrapers on pneumatic caissons.</p><br>
<h3>Usage</h3><br>
<h4>Early and mid-20th century</h4><br>
<p>By 1900, the Empire Building had over 3,000 employees. One of the earliest tenants at the Empire Building was the USA Steel Corporation, which was founded in the building in 1901. Kimball & Thompson also took offices in the Empire Building. In 1903, Kimball considered a proposal to add five stories to the Empire Building, bringing its height to 25 stories and 350 ft, and making it the city&#39;s second-tallest building after the Park Row Building. The proposal was not undertaken. By 1908, the Empire Building had some of the most desirable office spaces in the city, with space renting at rates of 3 $/ft2, equivalent to in. A direct entrance from the building to the Wall Street station was not provided in the original construction, but such an entrance was built in 1910.</p><br>
<p>On April 23, 1919, the USA Steel Corporation bought the building from the Potter trust for approximately $5 million in cash. At the time, the sale was reported to be one of the largest transactions ever conducted for a private property in New York City. The purchase was of interest to real-estate developers and to other steel companies, since it signified that "the steel centre of the world had been once and for all permanently established in New York", according to The New York Times. Blanche Potter later recalled that the sale took place at a time when the Potter family had experienced "financial worry", and USA Steel&#39;s purchase relieved them of such constraints.</p><br>
<p>John C. Westervelt designed an addition to the building between 1928 and 1930. The original parapet at the top of the building was removed, and the 21st story and terracotta elevator room were built above a new steel parapet. The main entrance on Broadway and the Trinity Place entrance was refashioned in an Art Deco style, and the connection to the Sixth Avenue elevateds Rector Street station was removed, as part of the project. The facade of the base was also redesigned, and the shops in the Empire Buildings arcade were removed. The renovation was completed in 1938.</p><br>
<h4>Late 20th century to present</h4><br>
<p>USA Steel sold the building in 1973. The Empire Building remained USA Steel&#39;s headquarters until 1976, and the company remained in the building until the mid-1980s. Subsequently, Broadway West Street Associates took ownership of the building in 1984. One of the later commercial tenants at the Empire Building was advertising agency AFGL International Inc., which moved out during 1994.</p><br>
<p>The Empire Building was converted to 237 apartments in 1997 by World-Wide Group of Manhattan, which had purchased the foreclosed property for approximately $10 million. At the time, some 30 tenants occupied 70,000 ft2 in the building. The renovation cost $40 million and was designed by Schuman Lichtenstein Claman & Efron. The residential units were quickly occupied: During Strauss-Kahn&#39;s house arrest, the Empire Building received extensive attention from the media and from passersby on Broadway, and it was dubbed "a new tourist hot spot".</p><br>
<h2>Critical reception and landmark status</h2><br>
<p>Architectural critic Montgomery Schuyler said that the Empire Building was "one of the best commercial buildings" to be built in New York City to date, and that its value was "immensely enhanced by the open space opposite" which was occupied by the Trinity churchyard. According to Schuyler, the buildings value was increased by the fact that the entirety of the Rector Street facade could be seen because of the churchyards presence. Architectural writer Sarah Bradford Landau stated that the Empire Building "possesses a quite dignity and an assured elegance", unlike Kimball&#39;s earlier Manhattan Life Building. Not all critics viewed the Empire Building positively. Eliot Gregory stated in 1899, without mentioning the building by name, that the Empire Building contained a "grotesque resemblance to a waffle iron", which gave it "the impression of instability".</p><br>
<p>The Empire Building was designated a New York City landmark in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Trinity Episcopal Church is a parish of the Episcopal Church in McArthur, Ohio, United States. The parish worships in a historic church located at the intersection of Sugar and High Streets; built in the nineteenth century, it has been designated a historic site.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Trinity Episcopal Church was built in 1882 on land formerly owned by Andrew Wolf, whose donation included an adjacent house for use as a rectory. The parish employed local contractor Oscar W. Gilman to design the building and to arrange for its construction. Seven years after the church was finished, Gilman was again hired by the church to add the bell tower.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Among the hallmarks of Gilman&#39;s design are a steep gabled roof, an apse, and buttresses. The church is a fine example of the Late Gothic Revival style of architecture, due to elements such as its lancet windows of stained glass. The walls are built of handmade bricks that rest upon a foundation of hand-cut sandstone blocks; both the sandstone and the clay for the bricks were obtained locally.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>In 1976, Trinity Episcopal Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places because of its well-preserved historic architecture. As a longtime McArthur landmark, it was seen as significant primarily in local history.</p><br>
<p>Trinity Episcopal remains an active parish of the Episcopal Diocese of Southern Ohio. In 2012, its pastor was Bruce Smith.</p><br>
<p>The Lackawanna County Children&#39;s Library is located in Scranton, Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania, at 520 Vine Street. Built in 1915 as a church, the building is known for its Classical Revival architecture.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Established in Boston, Massachusetts by Mary Baker Eddy in 1879, Christian Science would spread to Pennsylvania within ten years. The first major congregation in the state would be formed in Scranton with Judge S. J. Hanna as its pastor. The Hanna family soon moved to Boston, Massachusetts in 1892, where Judge Hanna was to be employed as the editor of the Christian Science Journal. Another notable member of the religion in Scranton was Col. Louis A. Watres, who had served as Lieutenant Governor in Pennsylvania. Hanna and Watres designed and raised the funds to construct Scranton’s own First Church of Christ, Scientist. Designed by Albert J. Ward, the church was constructed from Indiana limestone with stained glass windows decorating the exterior. Wood molding and plaster detailing were highlighted inside of the church. The church formally opened on February 21, 1915.</p><br>
<p>By 1981, the congregation that attended the First Church of Christ, Scientist had become too small for the church to justify the space they were occupying. The services were moved to a different building on North Washington Ave and the church was put up for sale. Community suggestions for its use ranged from “a museum to a library annex to an art gallery to a performing arts center,” while others wanted “the city to acquire the building for an archive, a place to store the city’s hidden treasures.”</p><br>
<p>Lackawanna County purchased the former First Church of Christ, Scientist in April 1985 for use as a library. In August 1986, the Lackawanna County Library System received a grant through the Library Development Division of the Pennsylvania Department of Education to remodel the church into a space suitable for a library. When construction began artifacts were discovered in the cornerstone of the building including bibles, a copy of The Christian Science Monitor, and other books. Over the course of the next year, the church was transformed into the Lackawanna County Children’s Library. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 9, 1988.</p><br>
<p>Central Presbyterian Church is a church in downtown Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. The congregation was founded in 1852 and built its first building in 1854, which was later enlarged during the 1870s. The rapidly growing congregation outgrew the building, so they built a new church building in 1889. The building, an example of Richardsonian Romanesque architecture, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The arched entrances, a hallmark of the Richardsonian Romanesque style, feature a number of carved floral and geometric motifs.</p><br>
<p>Bethesda Presbyterian Church is a historic church at 502 DeKalb Street in Camden, South Carolina. A National Historic Landmark, the main church building was built in 1822 and is one of few surviving churches designed by 19th-century American architect Robert Mills.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Bethesda Presbyterian Church is set on the north side of DeKalb Street (United States Route 1) in the center of Camden. The church campus includes six buildings: the main sanctuary, John Knox Hall, the Bethesda Christian School, Hammet Chapel, the McAm Building, and Westminster Hall. In front of the sanctuary is a monument, like the sanctuary designed by Robert Mills, dedicated to the memory of the Baron DeKalb, a Continental Army soldier killed in the 1780 Battle of Camden.</p><br>
<p>The main sanctuary is a rectangular brick building, with a four-columned portico on the south (street-facing) facade and a modest steeple at the north end. The front facade of the building is laid in Flemish bond, while the other three sides are laid in American bond. Behind the south portico is a large central round arch niche, which is flanked by symmetrical entrances. The north facade, which now serves as the main entrance, has a Tuscan portico sheltering a pair of staircases leading up to the gallery level. A pair of entrances provide access to the main level, and there is a round-arch window opening centered above. The side walls each have five round-arch windows. The interior is organized with the pulpit and altar at the south end, with a balcony at the north, supported by unfluted columns. Decorative elements of the balcony include dentillated elements, recessed panels, and fluted pilasters.</p><br>
<p>The Presbyterian Church in Camden was established before the American Revolutionary War; its first sanctuary was destroyed during that war, and two more were built c. 1790 and 1806 to satisfy the needs of a grown congregation. The present sanctuary was designed by Robert Mills, then already an architect of some reputation, and was completed in 1822. It is stylistically more Classical than some of his later work, and is one of his few surviving ecclesiastical designs. Although the building underwent a number of alterations, especially in the late 19th century, most of these changes were reversed in the 20th century, and the building bears a significant resemblance to Mills&#39; original design.</p><br>
<p>The church (along with the accompanying DeKalb monument) was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1985. It is also a contributing property within the City of Camden Historic District.</p><br>
<h3>Folklore</h3><br>
<p>Local folklore suggests the Church is haunted by Agnes of Glasgow, who was supposedly buried in the graveyard and remains searching for her lost lover.</p><br>
<p>The Robert Brewton House is a historic house at 71 Church Street in Charleston, South Carolina. With a construction date at or before 1730, it is the oldest dated example of a "single" house. A single house is one room wide, with the narrow end towards the street, the better to catch cool breezes. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The house is set on a narrow lot on the west side of Church Street in Old Charleston. The house was built between 1701 and 1715.</p><br>
<p>It was acquired in the 1730s or 1740s by Miles Brewton, who had immigrated from Barbados to Charleston in 1684, where he became a goldsmith and militia officer. He gave the house to his son Robert Brewton, also a goldsmith and then married to his second wife, Mary Griffith. In addition, Miles Brewton made a 1733 deed of gift to his daughter Dale of the neighboring house at 73 Church Street; this deed also refers to his son&#39;s house. The two properties were separated by a 3-foot alley.</p><br>
<p>Robert Brewton succeeded his father as Powder Receiver for the city in 1745. That year he sold this house to his sister Rebecca Brewton and her husband Jordan Roche.</p><br>
<p>The house is a rectangular hip-roofed brick structure, three stories in height, presenting three bays to the front, with a narrow driveway to the south, to which the house presents five bays and its main entrance. It has stuccoed corner quoining, and decorative stuccoed keystone elements over the windows. The building is known to have had a porch across the main facade; it was not original to the building, and was removed at an unknown date.</p><br>
<p>Roberts son Miles Brewton (1731-1775) benefited by his fathers financial connections. He gained some of his education in England in the 1750s, and returned to Charleston, where he became a merchant and slave trader in Charleston. He commissioned construction of the Miles Brewton House on King Street, which was completed about 1769. It is a double house in the Palladian style, with an intact complex of support buildings on its two-acre lot. Considered one of the finest Georgian buildings in the country, it was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The Paul Hamilton House, commonly referred to as the Brick House Ruins, is the ruin of a 1725 plantation house on Edisto Island, South Carolina, that burned in 1929. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970 for the unusual architecture of the surviving walls, which is partly based on French Huguenot architecture of the period.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The house was constructed about 1725 for Paul Hamilton, a wealthy South Carolina planter, on Edisto Island, one of the Sea Islands in what was then the Province of South Carolina.</p><br>
<p>The two-story house was constructed with exterior walls of brick imported from Boston, such brick being harder and denser than the local kind. The interior of the home was primarily constructed of locally produced lumber which had been aged seven years. Construction also utilized local gravel and sand brought to the site from the Pon Pon.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Its architectural design is in keeping with American colonial architecture but exhibits French Huguenot influence. Possibly a simplified copy of the c. 1675 Chateau de la Haye d&#39;Esquermes near Loos les Lille, France, evidence of the French influence in its architecture is seen through many stucco enrichments to the exterior and its high-pitched roof.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It served as the plantation house for a 300 acre plantation. The estate was acquired in 1798 by the Jenkins family which maintains ownership to this day.</p><br>
<p>In 1929 the house caught fire, with its wooden portion largely reduced to ashes and only its brick walls with stuccoed quoins and trim remaining. Until that time, it had not been significantly altered.</p><br>
<p>The ruin was recorded photographically as part of the Historic American Buildings Survey of the National Park Service cataloged at the Library of Congress in both 1936 and 1939.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark and added to the National Register of Historic Places on 15 April 1970.</p><br>
<p>The South Carolina Department of Archives and History published a summary of the site as a part of South Carolina history. They describe it as an artifact of important early French influence in the Carolinas, considered a "stately and picturesque ruin in its own right." They cite the architecture of the outer walls as being "unique in this country."</p><br>
<h2>Preservation efforts</h2><br>
<p>Following the fire of 1929, some stabilization was performed. Metal supports were used to brace some openings, but their expansion over time has actually damaged some of the material. In addition, the two chimneys (shown in the main photo above) had their top portions removed to prevent damaging the walls in case of collapse. In February 2013, the National Park Service considered the ruins to be in "emergency" condition due to the major cracks and deformation of the south wall. In 2018, the structure was stabilized. Preservation efforts are ongoing.</p><br>
<p>West Union Baptist Church is a Baptist congregation and historic church structure in West Union, Oregon, United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Baptist congregation was founded in 1844 and met in the home of pioneer David Thomas Lenox until 1853, when he donated 2 acre of his land for a church and cemetery. The one-story, Classical Revival style building was built of hand-sawn lumber on what is now West Union Road for a little over $1,500.</p><br>
<p>The 30- by 40 ft structure has cedar rafters, fir joists and sills of hand-hewn fir logs. On December 25, 1853, the building was dedicated by the Reverend Ezra Fisher. It is the oldest Baptist society and the oldest Protestant church building still standing west of the Rocky Mountains. Pioneers Caleb Wilkens and George W. Ebbert are buried at the cemetery, which is the oldest cemetery in the state.</p><br>
<p>The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 and is currently maintained by the American Baptist Churches of Oregon. Previously the otherwise unused building was the site of an annual memorial meeting, but the church now holds regular Sunday services.</p><br>
<p>The John W. Gibson House, constructed in 1896, is a three-story Dutch Colonial Style Home owned and built by John Gibson, cattleman and banker. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The house is one of the oldest pre-statehood houses in Wagoner. Gibson was president of the First National Bank in Wagoner for 26 years.</p><br>
<p>The home features three stories plus a basement. From an opening in a third story bedroom floor, a brass firemans pole serves as an emergency fire exit for the two bedrooms, loft and bath on the third story. The firemans pole lands in the middle of the second story library nook. There is a wrap-around porch as well as a second porch off of the back entrance. The home was lovingly restored to historically accurate paint colors on the exterior during the early 2000s. Many of the interior fixtures have been updated, all in accordance with historical accuracy guidelines.</p><br>
<h2>Citations</h2><br>
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<p>Parkview, also known as a "Saint Louis Urban Oasis," is a historic, private subdivision of St. Louis, Missouri. It is partly within the city limits of St. Louis and partly in University City. It is bounded by the Skinker-DeBaliviere neighborhood to the east, the Delmar Loop to the north, the Ames Place section of University City to the west, Washington University in St. Louis to the south, and Forest Park to the southeast.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Much of the land that became Parkview was, in the mid-19th century, contained in the Kingsbury Farm. In 1905, surveyor Julius Pitzman, also the designer of Forest Park, was hired to lay out Parkview. Parkview was the largest and the last of the private neighborhoods designed by Julius Pitzman (he also designed Portland and Westmoreland Places and Compton Heights). His elegant design for the 70 acre neighborhood includes a partly symmetrical arrangement of gently curved streets and parks. Curving streets in residential subdivisions was unusual for the period, and in Parkview they were “soothing and peaceful” to the eye. They added privacy as the streets curve gently out of sight, and they diminished the monotony of the continuous building setback. By 1907 Parkviews first houses were under construction. By 1916, most of Parkviews 255 houses had been built. Most are 3-story brick homes and many are architecturally striking; included are several excellent examples of Colonial Revival style and of Arts and Crafts architecture. In 1986, the neighborhood was accepted into the National Register of Historic Places under the name of "Parkview Historic District."</p><br>
<p>Over the years, a large number of notable St. Louisans have made their home in Parkview. The list includes Missouri Governor Henry Caulfield; St. Louis mayor Bernard Dickmann; University City mayors Heman, Flynn and Cunningham; artists Bessie Lowenhaupt, Aimee Schweig, Jane Pettus, Edmund Wuerpel and Gustav Goetch; writers Stanley Elkin and William Gass; aviation great General James (Jimmy) Doolittle; baseball players George Sisler and Bob Gibson; and film maker Charles Guggenheim. Today it is home to many writers, physicians, lawyers, scientists, and professors. It is considered a highly desirable residential area, and its homes routinely sell for over $800,000.</p><br>
<p>St. Ann&#39;s Episcopal Church is an historic Episcopal church located on Church Street in Richford, Vermont, in the United States. Built in 1883, it is an architecturally a distinctive blend of Queen Anne and Gothic Revival architecture. On March 12, 2001, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The church is a defunct mission of the Episcopal Diocese of Vermont; no services are held there.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and history</h2><br>
<p>St. Anns stands one block north of Richfords small business district, at the southwest corner of Church and Town Streets. It was originally built facing Town Street (then known as High Street), but was rotated ninety degrees in 1903 to its present siting. It is a narrow rectangular wood-frame structure, with a steeply pitched gable roof and stone foundation. The exterior is finished in non-original vinyl siding. The main entrance is in a square tower that projects from the northeastern corner, rising through a belfry to a bellcast roof and steeple. The interior of the church is where its Gothic features are found. The walls and floors are finished in smoky buttered tongue-and-groove wooden boards, with the roof supported by five large Gothic-arched trusses. A large stained-glass window adorns the south wall at the back of the sacristy.</p><br>
<p>The church was built in 1883 by the Episcopal Diocese of Vermont, its leaders having noted that the town lacked a significant religious presence, with two other denominations having been unsuccessful in starting congregations. The church was consecrated in 1894, following the Episcopalian practice of not doing so until the debts for its construction had been paid off. The church prospered along with the town through the First World War, but began a gradual decline thereafter. The building has been leased by the diocese to the local historical society, which is undertaking its restoration.</p><br>
<p>The John Coltrane House is a historic house at 1511 North 33rd Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. A National Historic Landmark, it was the home of American saxophonist and jazz pioneer John Coltrane from 1952 until 1958. In 2022, two of Coltrane&#39;s sons filed a lawsuit contesting the ownership of the home.</p><br>
<h2>Use by Coltrane</h2><br>
<p>John Coltrane purchased the house for his family after leaving the USANavy and lived there until he relocated to New York City in 1958. He continued to use the house as an alternate residence to his New York home until the end of his life. Upon his death the house passed to Coltrane&#39;s cousin, Mary Alexander.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>In addition to its association with John Coltrane, the house has received attention due to its historic architecture. For example, it is considered a good example of a middle-class Philadelphia rowhouse from the turn of the 20th century. The architect is disputed; E. Allen Wilson is considered likely, due to his association with developer Clifford Pemberton, but no known source specifically ties him to the Coltrane House.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation and reuse efforts</h2><br>
<h3>John W. Coltrane Cultural Society</h3><br>
<p>The houses use as a residence by Coltranes relatives prevented it from being made open to the public, and by 2003 the house was suffering from several structural and aesthetic problems.</p><br>
<p>The JWCCS offered children&#39;s workshops led by professional jazz artists throughout the Philadelphia School District, Philadelphia Housing Authority and other youth groups. An annual Summer Backyard Concert Series was held in the backyard of the Coltrane House and an annual Birthday Tribute/Celebration Concert at a large venue. A community garden on 33rd Street included a jazz mural created by neighborhood youth. A mural was also created by students of Strawberry Mansion High School, in the school. "Cousin Mary," who was raised with Coltrane in High Point North Carolina, also conducted a lecture series on his life and music.</p><br>
<h3>Historic designation</h3><br>
<p>Due to its association with John Coltrane, the house has attracted several official designations as a historic building, most prominently as a National Historic Landmark. It was placed on the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places on December 18, 1985.</p><br>
<p>It was later declared a National Historic Landmark on January 20, 1999, and concurrently placed on the National Register of Historic Places. Additionally, the Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission dedicated a marker honoring John Coltrane in front of the house on July 17, 1990.</p><br>
